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PAPER 3 > FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Explanations Of Offfending

A
  • Psychological
  • Cognitive
  • Differential Association Thoery
  • psychodynamic
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2
Q

What is Offender Profilling

A

used to predict Characteristics or behaviour of unknown criminals

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of Approaches

A
  • The top down approach

- The bottom-up approach

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4
Q

What is the Top down approach

A

Uses Evidence at the Crime Scene to develop a profile of the likely criminal

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5
Q

When is the Top-down approach used

A

Violent crimes such as murder

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6
Q

What are the 7 decision making tools

A
  • Murder type
  • Primary intent
  • Vicitm Risk
  • Offender Risk
  • Escalation
  • Time Factors
  • Location Factors
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7
Q

How is the Murder type Considered

A
  • is it an isolated murder

- is ti a serial killer, spree killer or mass muder

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8
Q

How is the Primary Intent Considered

A

was is deliberate or pre-meditated murder

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9
Q

How is the Victim Risk Considered

A

-How risky is it to kill someone e.g., children, prossies as they put up little resistance

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10
Q

How is the offender Risk considered

A

Risk they took e.g. was it broad daylight= high risk= clue to thier personality type

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11
Q

How is escalation Considered

A

From previosu crimes They use clues to predict nect attack

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12
Q

How are time Factors considered

A

Time of day is it outside working hours insight whether their unemployed

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13
Q

How are Location Factors Considered

A

The Location Of the murders Geographocal clues such as wether they can drive or not

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14
Q

From the 7 tools What will they belive the offender to be

A

Organsied

Disorganised

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15
Q

What are 2 Crticisms of Evaluation of the top-down approach

A
  • Each crime scene and crime is unique many variables to consider.E.g., can slow down process of profilling= Suggest typological definition can be difficult to apply.
  • Criticised for only having 2 categories of criminals. E.g., Organised or Diorganised.=Too Restrictive and can make predictions about another characteristcs.
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16
Q

What is a Counter Crticisms of Evaluation of the top-down approach

A

-Seen to be effective. Arthur Shawcross murdered 11 prossies after being released from prison The profilling was accurate.= Cases that have been aided by top-down approach

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17
Q

What is the Bottom-up Approach

A

Builds up a picture of teh potential criminal from facts and figures collated from previous crimes of the same type.

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18
Q

What is Investigative psychology

A

framework for the integration of a diverse range of aspects of psychology into all areas of criminal and civil investigation

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19
Q

What is Geographical Profiling

A

used to make inferences about where an offender is likely to live

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20
Q

Who developed Investigative Psychology

A

David Canter

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21
Q

What are the 5 assumptions of IP

A
  • Interpersonal Coherence
  • Time and Place
  • Criminal Characteristics
  • Criminal Career
  • Forensic Awareness
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22
Q

What is Interpersonal Coherence

A

Consistency between the way offenders interact with their victims and with others in their everyday lives

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23
Q

What Are criticisms of the Evaluation Of the bottom-up Approach

A

-Unlike top-down approach Geographical Approach Geographicla Profiling can be used with a variety of crimes = Can be widely applied across different types of crimes not just murder and rape.

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24
Q

What Are counter criticisms of the Evaluation Of the bottom-up Approach

A

-This Technique Relies on statistical information form previous crimes which is not easy to gather= If data or information is incomplete it is unreliable

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25
Q

What is the Psychological Explanation of Offending

A

Eysencks Theory of the criminal personality

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26
Q

What is Eysencks theory of the Criminal Personality

A

suggests that personality is biologically based and that personality traits that include the 3 dimensions

27
Q

What is Eysencks 3 dimensions

A
  • introversion vs. extroversion
  • neuroticism vs. stability
  • psychoticism vs Normality
28
Q

What are some traits of an Extravert

A
  • Sociable
  • Impulsive
  • risk takers
29
Q

What are some traits of an Introvert

A
  • cautious

- happy in own company

30
Q

What are some traits of a Neutotic

A
  • Extravert+unstbale
  • Nervous
  • Obsessivness
31
Q

What are some traits of Psychoticism

A
  • Lack of guilt
  • Lack of Conscious
  • Lack of Empathy
32
Q

What are 2 limitations Of Eysencks theory of the criminal Personality

A
  • Research findings do not clearly support. E.g., studies suggested offenders score higher on psychoticismand neuroticism. T.S.Tconnto be considered a complete explanation of offending behaviour.
  • Original sample that he used to develop his theory. E.g., did not cover an adequate range of poeple. T.S.T thoery lacks population validity
33
Q

What is a Strength Of Eysencks theory of the criminal Personality

A

-Difference in research findings could be due to type of crime measured. E.g., Extraverts more likely that riase adrenaline. T.S.T the Claim that research is unclear about role of extraversion as a personality trait is not valid.

34
Q

What are the 2 cognitive explanations of offending Behaviour

A
  • Level of moral Reasoning

- Cognitive Distortions

35
Q

What is Level of Moral Reasoning

A

Refers to process by which an individual draws upon thier own value system to detemine wether an action is right or wrong.

36
Q

which 2 psychologists did Research ino Level of Moral Reasoning

A
  • Palmer 2003

- Kenny et al 2007

37
Q

What was Palmers 2003 Aim

A

Looked at association between Moral development and crime

38
Q

What did Palmer 2003 find

A

Specific Values are associated and clear relationship

39
Q

What was Kennys et al 2007 research

A

Compared moral Reasoning in juvinile sex and non-sex offender

40
Q

What Did Kennys et al 2007 find

A

Moral Reasonign Varies by context.

41
Q

What is a limitations of Level of moral Reasoning as an explanation for offending Behaviour

A

-Built around research ehich used a dilema scenario. E.g., Participants sya they will do when faced with a hypothetical Dilema, compared what they will do IRL. T.S.T= Lacking Predictive Validity.

42
Q

What is a Strength of Level of moral Reasoning as an explanation for offending Behaviour

A

-Kohlbergs claim that morality develops is supported by Research. E.g., walker Showed morla development over a period of time. T.S.T Kohlbergs claim tha moral Development in a case of maturation is Externally valid.

43
Q

What are Cognitive Distortions

A

Faulty, biased and irrational ways of thinking that mean we perceive ourselves.

44
Q

What is Hostile Attribution Bias

A

A cognition style making the assumption that other ppls actions are in ways negative reaction to the self

45
Q

What is Minimalisation

A

Serves to downplay bahviour, offender tries to atempt to rationalise their Behaviour

46
Q

Whcih 2 psychologists did Research into Cognitive Distortions

A
  • Hutchinson et al 1993 HAB

- Kennedy et al 1992 ROM

47
Q

what was the procedure of Hutchinson et al research

A

Men were shown senarios of difficult marital situations

48
Q

What did Hutchinson et al find

A

Men who had a record of DV were more likely to perscieve the female as in the wrong

49
Q

What did Kennedy et al 1992 find

A
  • Sex offenders use minimalisation to downplay thier crimes
  • Offenders blamed 1/3 victims
  • 1/4 denied any involvement
50
Q

What are 2 Limitations Of Cognitive distortions as an explanation for offending behaviour

A
  • Criticised for being descriptive. E.g., Theory describes the criminal it doesnt explain it. T.S.T this thoery is an incomplete explanation and more research is needed.
  • Hostile Attribution bias cannot be used to explain all offending behaviour. E.g., can explain impulsive aggression cannot explain planned aggressive acts. T.S.T considered as a factor in offending bahviour than a complete explanation.
51
Q

What are 2 Strengths Of Cognitive distortions as an explanation for offending behaviour

A
  • Research to support link between HAB and Offending behaviour. E.g., research indicated a precursor of aggressive behaviour in children and adults leads to criminal behaviour. High in internal Validity.
  • Cognitive Distortions led to pratical applications. E.g., Rehab of sex offenders used CBT encourages them to face up to their actions and adopt less distorted view. Therefore research had played important role in lives of offenders and victims.
52
Q

What is the Differential Association Theory

A

Explains how people learn to become criminal from their environment and through their interactions with others

53
Q

Who came up with the Differential Association Theory

A

Sutherland 1939

54
Q

How is Criminal Behaviour learned

A

Direct and indirect Operant Conditioning

55
Q

Which 2 psychologists did research into DAT

A
  • Matsueda 1988

- Alarid et al 2000

56
Q

What are the 9 Principles for DAT

A
  • Criminal Behaviour is learned
  • Learned with other poeple in a process of communication
  • Criminal behaviour occurs wihtin intimate personal groups
  • Learned techniques how to commit crime and motives
  • Direction of motives learned from definiton from law
  • Person becomes Delinquet due to favourable violation of norms
  • Learning through association
  • Dont explain why criminal behaviour shows norms and values
57
Q

What are 2 limitations of DAT as an explanation of Offending bahviour

A
  • Too general. E.g., similar with SLT but has non of the detail of the cognitive processes that might underpin criminal behaviour. T.S.T not considered a comprehensive explanations of offending behaviour.
  • DAT does not explain all crimes. E.g., Embezzlement are individualistic. one off crimes are not explained by this thoery. T.S.T interactionist approach combined with another approach is needed.
58
Q

What is a Strength of DAT as an explanation of Offending bahviour

A

DAT can explain prevalence of crimes in certain areas. E.g., Areas of high crime becomes Endemic. T.S.T the DAT can be useful when targeting intervention programmes and high in external validity.

59
Q

What are the 3 psychodynamic Explanations of offending behaviour

A
  • Role of the super ego
  • Defence mechanisms
  • material deprivation hypothesis
60
Q

What is the role of the super ego in offending behaviour

A

it embodies our conscience and sense of right and wrong.

61
Q

What are defence mechanisms

A

psychological tactics of the unconscious mind that protect us from fear, unpleasant or overwhelming thoughts and feelings

62
Q

What is a weakness of the psychodynamic explanations of offending behaviour

A

Shortage of Empirical research to support the thoery. E.g., Concpets by freud on which explanations are based on abstract= difficult to test theory is flawed.

63
Q

What is a Strength of the psychodynamic explanations of offending behaviour

A

Research to support E.g, Bolwbys found that children who had disruption had greater chance of becoming dilinquet. T.S.T MDH have been supported.

PAPER 3 (4 decks)

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