GENDER Flashcards
What are the 3 main Hormones in sex and gender
- Testosterone
- Oestrogen
- Oxytocin
What is the role of Testosterone
Testosterone is believed to be responsible for typically male behaviors, such as aggression, competitiveness and superior visuo-spatial abilities. Males also have a surge of testosterone during puberty, and this is responsible for secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and deepening voice.
What is the Role of Oestrogen
Oestrogen in females governs the development of secondary sexual characteristics and menstruation from adolescence onwards.
What is the role of Oxytocin
produces feelings of contentment and calmness.
What are the 2 Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development
- Kohlbergs Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Gender Schema Theory
What are Atypical sex chromosome Patterns
Anything other than the usual XX female and XY male chromosomes
What is Klinefelters Syndrome
A chromosomal condition that involves having an extra X chromosome XXY
What does Klinefelters Syndrome affect
Physical and Congnitive development
What are the physical Characteristics of KS
small, firm testes, a small penis, sparse pubic, armpit and facial hair, enlarged breasts
What are the Psychological Characteristics of KS
These may include academic difficulties, delayed speech and language acquisition
What is Turners Syndrome
A genetic condition which involves having one complete X chromosome in each cell
What the physical Characteristics of TS
a short neck with a webbed appearance, a low hairline at the back of the head, low-set ears
What is Kohlbergs Theory of Gender development
Perceives children as developing an understanding of gender in stages.
What are Kohlbergs 3 stages
- Stage 1=Basic gender Identity 18 months-3 years
- Stage 2=Gender Stability 3-5 years
- Stage 3=Gender Consistency 6-7 years
What happens in Stage 1
Childs Recogonition of being male or female.
What happens in Stage 2
Most Children Recognise that people retain gender but rely on superficial physical signs to determine gender
What happens in stage 3
Children Realise that gender is permamnent
What is a Criticms Of Kohlbergs Cognitive development Thoery
Research to support His theory of his stages. E.g.,Munroe found the same Sequences of development. T.S.T Stages must be driven by biology opposed or culteral differences.
What is a gender Schema
An Organised Belief about the 2 sexes
What are the 2 types of Schemas
- In gorup
- Out group
What are in-gorup Schemas
Attitudes and Expectations For Ones own gender
What are out-Group Schemas
Attitudes and Expectations for opposite Gender
What are the 4 stages
-Preschool
4-5 years
5-6 Years
-Late childhood
What happens during the Pre-School Stage
Learn what activities go with each gender and behaviour
What happens during 4-5 years
Learn Subttle and complex sets of associations for thier own gender
What happens during 5-6 years
Gender consistancy develops
What happens during the Late Childhood
Understand the rules are just social Constructions and gender schemas are more flexible
What did Masters et al 1979 find
Gender Schemas Affect us from a young age
What did Campbell 2000 find
Young children are more likely to interact with babys of the same sex
What did Aubry et al 1999 find
Once a belief has taken hold that an idea was for the opposite sex reduced preference for that development=Gender Schemas Affect Behaviour
What are 2 Strengths of Evaluation Of the Gender Schema Theory
- Able to explain why children do not immitate all behaviour displayed. E.g., a child will copy gender-appropriate behaviour but not non-gender appropriate behaviour=Supports Martins et al research.
- Research supports thoery. E.g., Masters found children between 4-5 select toys with thier own gender label=Illustrates application of Gender schemas as even when faced with contradicting behaviours.
What are 2 Limitations of Evaluation Of the Gender Schema Theory
- Contradicting Research.E.g., Campbell found 2 year old B and G who posses high levels of gender knowledge did not display preferences to play with gender specific toys. T.S.T The claim that children develop thier behaviour will be consistent with perception of thier own gender is flawed.
- too simplistic. E.g., ignores biological factors asssumed all gender behaviour developed through cognitive means=Environmentally Reductionist.
