Schizophrenia Flashcards
What percentage of the population are diagnosed with Schizophrenia?
1%
What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Hallucinations & delusions
What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Speech poverty & avolition
Why was validity in diagnosing schizophrenia an issue?
The DSM-V had poor criterion validity.
Name 2 types of reliability used to check for consistency in diagnosis
Inter-rater reliability & Test retest reliability
What is the occurance of two or more disorders together called?
Co-morbidity
Which gender are more likely to be diagnosed with schizphrenia?
Male
Approximately how many candidate genes are associated with schizophrenia
100
Who researched into genetic risks of schizophrenia in families?
Gottesman
What is the risk of developing schizophrenia for someone who as a sibling with the condition?
9%
What is the risk of developing schizophrenia for someone who one of an MZ twin with the condition?
48%
Which neurotransmitter is impliacted with the neural correlates explanantion of schizophrenia?
Dopamine
What does the prefix ‘hyper’ mean?
High
Explain how dopamine and the schizophrenia symptom of hallucinations are linked in the neural correlates theory.
A high number of dopamine receptos in the Broca’s are may be associated with auditory hallucinations.
Outline one strength of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia
Research support from Gottesman with family concordance rate. Adption studies by Tienari. Hilker MZ & DZ twin concordance rates
Outline one limitation of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia
Can’t explain how environmental factors like cannabis smoking or child abuse lead to increased risk of schizophrenia.
Outline one strength of the neural correlates explanation of schizophrenia
Support comes from the idea that dopamine (DA) is involved in schizophrenia. 1) amphetamines increase DA and worsen symptoms of SZ. 2) antipsychotics reduces DA activity and reduce symptoms.
Outline one limitation of the neural correlates explanation of schizophrenia
Limitations of the dopamine hypothesis is from the role of glutamate. There is evidence showing raised levels of glutamate in several brain regions of people with SZ.
Parenting characterised by mixed messages is the main feature of which explanation?
The double-bind theory
According to Fromm-Reichmann, who is mostly involved in causing schizophrenia?
The mother
What kind of dysfunctional thought processing might lead to hallucinations?
Metarepresentation difficulty
The Stroop task was used by Stirling to demonstrate what?
Dysfunctional thought processing
Verbal criticism of the patient and occasional violence is a component of which psychological explanation?
Expressed emotion
Give a limitation of the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia
Evidence for dysfunctional information processing in schizophrenia is mixed.
Outline a strength of the family dysfunction
Research support linking childhood trauma and insecure attachment and schizophrenia
What explanation for schizophrenia are antipsychotics linked to?
The subcortical hyperdopaminergic theory
Name one thing that distinguishes atypical antipsychotics from typical antipsychotics
They have fewer side effects, they work on different neurotransmitters
Clozapine works on dopamine and what?
Glutamate
What is a symptom of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Delirium
What is the effectiveness of antipsychotics?
They are associated with improved function and symptom reduction.
What are the limitations of drug therapy for schizophrenia?
Some data is published several times. They have a calming effecting making people appear better. The numerous side effects. Unsure of how they actually work.
Challenging delusional beliefs is part of which psychological therapy?
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
What are the aims of family therapy?
To reduce levels of expressed emotions, to encourage family to form a therapeutic alliance, learning stress management techniques.
In CBT individuals are encouraged to think of hearing voices as an extension of ordinary experience. What is this called?
Normalisation
What is a limitation of research on psychological treatments of schizophrenia?
Different studies look at different CBT techniques
In family therapy the member with the diagnosis is called what?
Identified patient
McFarlane research concluded that family therapy reduces relapse rate by as much as what?
50-60%
What has caused the use of token economies to decline in the UK?
A shift to more comminuty-based care.
Explain what happens when people become institutionalised?
They develop bad habits, eg they cease maintaining good hygiene, or stop socialising with others.
What rewards are used in token economies?
privileges and activities
What term (reinforcer) is used to describe tokens in a token economy?
Secondary
What is an ethical issues associated with the use of token economies?
Token economies are based on what someone believes is ‘normal’ behaviour, and restrictions are placed on the patient if they do not show these behaviours.
What is a limitation of the use of token economies?
There is a small evidence base, other treatments are equally effective, there are ethical issues.
What is a strength of token economies in the management of schizophrenia?
The evidence of their effectiveness. 7 high quality studies showed a reduction in negative symptoms and a decline in unwanted behaviours.
What is the Interactionist approach also known as?
Biosocial model
What does the original term ‘diathesis’ mean?
vulnerability
Meehls model of schizophrenia includes what?
A schizogene, a schizophrenogenic mother, a schizotypic personality.
Treatment according to the interactionist model is likely to include what?
Antipsychotics and CBT
In the modern understanding of schizophrenia diathesis what factors might it include?
Multiple candidate genes and early trauma.
Tarriers research on the interactionst approached showed what about comination treatments?
Participants in both combination groups showed fewer symptoms than the control group.
What is the research that supports vulnerability and triggers in the interactionist approach?
Tienari - 19000 Finish children some whose mothers were diagnosed SZ, compared to control group of adoptees without family history of SZ. Adoptive parents who were classed as high levels levels of criticism, hostility and low empathy, were strongly associated with the development of SZ in children.
