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AU13 - Anatomy Final Exam > Scapular and Pectoral Regions > Flashcards

Scapular and Pectoral Regions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles of the pectoral girdle also known as?

A

rotator cuff muscles (or assist the rotator cuff muscles)

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2
Q

What are the muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A
  • deltoid muscle
  • teres major muscle
  • supraspinatus muscle
  • infraspinatus muscle
  • teres minor muscle
  • subscapularis muscle
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3
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • supraspinatus muscle
  • infraspinatus muscle
  • teres minor muscle
  • subscapularis muscle
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4
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the deltoid muscle?

A
  • origin - lateral clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

- insertion - deltoid tuberosity

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5
Q

What is the action of the deltoid muscle?

A

abducts humerus (primary), flexes, extends, and rotates humerus (secondary)

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6
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the deltoid muscle?

A

axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels

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7
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the teres major muscle?

A
  • origin - inferior angle of scapula

- insertion - crest of lesser tubercle of humerus

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8
Q

What is the action of the teres major muscle?

A

adducts, extends, and medially rotates humerus

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9
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the teres major muscle?

A

lower subscapular nerve and subscapular vessels

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10
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the supraspinatus muscle?

A
  • origin - supraspinous fossa

- insertion - greater tubercle of humerus

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11
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

abducts humerus (first 15 degrees)

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12
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the supraspinatus muscle?

A

suprascapular nerve and vessels and dorsal scapular vessels

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13
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the infraspinatus muscle?

A
  • origin - infraspinous fossa

- insertion - greater tubercle of the humerus

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14
Q

What is the action of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

lateral rotation of the humerus

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15
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

suprascapular nerves and vessels and subscapular vessels

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16
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the teres minor muscle?

A
  • origin - lateral border of the scapula

- insertion - greater tubercle of the humerus

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17
Q

What is the action of the teres minor muscle?

A

lateral rotation of the humerus

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18
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the teres minor muscle?

A

axillary nerve and suprascapular and subscapular vessels

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19
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the subscapularis muscle?

A
  • origin - subscapular fossa

- insertion - lesser tubercle of humerus

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20
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis muscle?

A

medial rotation of humerus

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21
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the subscapularis muscle?

A

upper and lower subscapular nerves and subscapular vessels

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22
Q

What protects the shoulder region by providing outer muscular support?

A

deltoid muscle

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23
Q

What protects the shoulder region by providing inner muscular support?

A

rotator cuff

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24
Q

What is the subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa?

A

membranous sac containing lubricating synovial fluid

25
Q

Where is the subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa located?

A

inferior to acromion and deltoid but superior to supraspinatus muscle

26
Q

True or false: The subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa communicates with the joint capsule.

A

(usually) FALSE.

* Note: it can become continuous with the joint capsule due to attrition of supraspinatus tendon

27
Q

Explain the attrition of the supraspinatus tendon.

A
  • tendon degenerates in middle age
  • up to 25% of adults rupture tendon by age 65
  • as it wears away, underlying joint capsule thins
  • when capsule opens, it becomes continuous with the bursa and the person has a painful shoulder with limited arm movement
28
Q

What are the 3 spaces of the shoulder region?

A
  • quadrangular space
  • triangular space
  • triangular interval
29
Q

What are the borders of the quadrangular space?

A
  • superior border - teres minor muscle
  • inferior border - teres major muscle
  • medial border - long head of triceps brachii muscle
  • lateral border - surgical neck of humerus
30
Q

What are the contents of the quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels

31
Q

What are the borders of the triangular space?

A
  • superior border - teres minor muscle
  • inferior border - teres major muscle
  • lateral border - long head of triceps brachii muscle
32
Q

What are the contents of the triangular space?

A

circumflex scapular vessels

33
Q

What are the borders of the triangular interval?

A
  • superior border - teres major muscle
  • medial border - long head of triceps brachii muscle
  • lateral border - lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle
34
Q

What are the contents of the triangular interval?

A

radial nerve and deep brachial artery

35
Q

What is the course of the suprascapular nerve and artery? What do they supply?

A
  • nerve - ventral rami of C5/C6; runs under superior transverse scapular ligament through the suprascapular notch
  • artery - from thyrocervical trunk; runs over superior scapular ligament above suprascapular notch
  • both - pass through spinoglenoid notch to infraspinatus fossa and supply supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
36
Q

Where does the dorsal scapular nerve and artery originate and what do they supply?

A
  • nerve - ventral ramus of C5
  • artery - subclavian artery or transverse cervical artery
  • both - run parallel to vertebral border of scapula and supply levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles
37
Q

Where does the accessory nerve and transverse cervical artery originate and what do they supply?

A
  • nerve - brainstem (CN XI); descends through neck and joins artery
  • artery - thyrocervical trunk; runs deep to trapezius muscle
  • both - supply trapezius muscle
38
Q

Where does the upper and lower subscapular nerve and subscapular artery originate? What do they supply?

A
  • nerve - posterior cord of brachial plexus (ventral rami of C5/C6)
  • artery - axillary artery (splits to thoracodorsal and circumflex scapular artery)
  • all - supply subscapularis muscle
  • NOTE: lower subscapular nerve and subscapular artery supply teres major muscle
39
Q

What would happen if there is insufficient flow through the axillary artery (temporary ligation between the thyrocervical trunk and subscapular artery)?

A
  • blood flow in subscapular artery reverses

- allows blood to flow to upper limb

40
Q

How would collateral circulation work if there was a ligation anywhere distal to the subscapular artery?

A

It wouldn’t. If it were distal to the subscapular artery, blood cannot flow to the upper limb.

41
Q

What is the pectoral region? What is it composed of?

A
  • region of muscle attachment between upper limb and anterior chest
  • composed of pectoralis major and minor muscles
42
Q

What are the two heads of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

clavicular and sternocostal

43
Q

What envelopes the pectoralis minor?

A

clavipectoral fascia

44
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major muscle?

A
  • origin - clavicle, sternum, and ribs 2-6

- insertion - crest of greater tubercle of humerus

45
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

adducts and medially rotates humerus

46
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the pectoralism major muscle?

A

medial and lateral pectoral nerves and thoracoacromial vessels

47
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A
  • origin - ribs 3-5

- insertion - coracoid process of scapula

48
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

protracts scapula

49
Q

What is the nerve and vascular supply of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

medial pectoral nerve and thoracoacromial vessels

50
Q

What arteries make up the arterial supply of the pectoral region?

A
  • lateral thoracic (mammary) artery
  • internal thoracic (mammary) artery
  • thoracoacromial artery
51
Q

What is the course of the lateral thoracic (mammary) artery?

A
  • branch of axillary artery (deep to pectoralis minor)
  • runs with long thoracic nerve
  • supplies lateral thorax, lateral pectoral region, and lateral breast
52
Q

What is the course of the internal thoracic (mammary) artery?

A
  • branch of subclavian artery
  • descends across interocostal spaces lateral to sternum
  • supplies anterior thorax, medial pectoral region, and medial breast
53
Q

What is the course of the thoracoacromial artery?

A
  • branch of axillary artery (under pectoralis minor)
  • sends off 4 branches:
    • pectoral artery - supplies upper pectoral region
    • clavicular artery - supplies clavicle region
    • acromial artery - supplies upper shoulder region
    • deltoid artery - supplies lower shoulder region
54
Q

What are the nerves of the pectoral region?

A
  • cutaneous nerves
  • medial pectoral nerve
  • lateral pectoral nerve
  • long thoracic nerve
55
Q

Describe the cutaneous nerves of the pectoral region.

A
  • general sensory
  • T1-T6
  • lateral and anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves
56
Q

What is the course of the medial pectoral nerve?

A
  • medial cord of the brachial plexus
  • derived from ventral rami (C8-T1)
  • pierces pectoralis minor to enter pectoralis major
  • supplies pectoralis minor and part of pectoralis major
57
Q

What is the course of the lateral pectoral nerve?

A
  • lateral cord of the brachial plexus
  • derived from ventral rami (C5-C7)
  • runs above pectoralis minor to enter pectoralis major
  • supplies part of pectoralis major
58
Q

What is the course of the long thoracic nerve?

A
  • derived from ventral rami (C5-C7)

- supplies serratus anterior muscle superficially

59
Q

What nerve could be damaged during a mastectomy? What would this result in?

A
  • long thoracic nerve

- winged scapula

AU13 - Anatomy Final Exam (4 decks)

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