Scalp, Skull & Cranial Cavity

Question 1

What does SCALP stand for?

Answer 1

Skin, Connective tissue = hypodermis = superficial fascia, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, Pericranium

Question 2

What does the facial nerve allow you to do?

Answer 2

Wrinkle your forehead

Question 3

What happens when infection goes through superficial veins in scalp and then gets into the cranial cavity?

Answer 3

It can cause meningitis! (and potential blood clot!)

Question 4

What connects superficial veins in the connective tissue to dural venous sinuses (ex: superior sagittal sinus)?

Answer 4

Diploic veins (valveless, go through skull cap) and Emissary veins (go through skull- connecting outer and inner sinuses)

Question 5

What is the skull cap called?

Answer 5

Calvaria

Question 6

Which layer of the scalp contains superficial veins that will bleed profusely when the scalp is cut?

Answer 6

Connective tissue layer of the hypodermis

Question 7

The superificial veins of the scalp connect to the dural sinuses by means of the:

Answer 7

Emissary veins

Question 8

The diploic veins are located:

Answer 8

between the two bony layers of the skull

Question 9

The superficial temporal artery is an extension of. . .

Answer 9

The external carotid artery

Question 10

The auriculotemporal nerve supplying the temporal region of the head is a sensory branch of the:

Answer 10

Mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

Question 11

What skull bone, in addition to the zygomatic bone, forms the zygomatic arch?

Answer 11

Temporal bone

Question 12

What structure forms the superior sagittal sinus?

Answer 12

Dura - between its periosteal layer (top) and meningeal layer (bottom)

Question 13

How do cerebral vein openings, arachnoid granulations and lateral venous lacunae relate?

Answer 13

Cerebral vein openings drain into the superior sagittal sinus & into the lateral venous lacunae (little lakes). Arachnoid granulations (villi) exist within the dura layers. The Arachnoid granulations release CSF into the sinuses and also allow CSF to flow back into the vascular system from the brain.

Question 14

What do arachnoid granulations do?

Answer 14

They release CSF into the sinuses.

They allow CSF to flow back into the vascular system from brain.

Question 15

Where is vascularization in meninges?

Answer 15

Pia or Dura (the arachnoid membrane is avascular)

Question 16

What is the pathway of blood from the dural sinuses to the heart?

Answer 16

Dural sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein that then carries the blood back to the heart.

Question 17

What is the Falx cerebri and where does it attach?

Answer 17

It separates the two brain hemispheres, and attaches to the crista galli and the tentorium cerebelli.

Question 18

Where is the arachnoid membrane?

Answer 18

On the surface of the brain, underneith the dura but above the pia.

Question 19

What is the subarachnoid space?

Answer 19

It lies between the arachnoid membrane and the pia. It is filled with CSF.

Question 20

What is the name of everything above and everything below the tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 20

Above: Supratentorial region/area
Below: Posterior fossa (infratentorial region)

Question 21

What is an epidural hemorrhage?

Answer 21

Seem often in trauma - It involves rupture of a meningeal artery with blood forming a hematoma between the dura and the bone of the skull

Question 22

What is the most common site of a epidural hematoma and how is it shaped?

Answer 22

Lateral-temporal region (near middle meningeal artery)
Lens shaped (dura tears off skull and pushes brain off the mid-line

Question 23

What is a subdural hematoma?

Answer 23

It occurs between dural & arachnoid membrane (involves ruptures of cerebral vein)

• Accumulates slowly - very slow leakage into subdural space
• When you shake your head forcefully this tears veins like in a subdural hematoma (more common in elderly)
• Not a nice lens shape, irregular shape on MRI

Question 24

What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 24

It occurs between the subarachnoid membrane and then pia and involves a rupture of the cerebral artery

Question 25

How does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 25

Foramen spinosum

Question 26

The arachnoid granulations that extend into the dural sinuses are formed by the:

Answer 26

Arachnoid layer of the meninges

Question 27

Which layer of the dura is responsible for the formation of the dural reflexions?

Answer 27

Meningeal layer

Question 28

The dural sinuses are located. . .

Answer 28

in or between the meningeal and the periosteal layers of the dura

Question 29

Where are the cerebral veins located?

Answer 29

Pia membrane

Question 30

What blood supply causes each three hematomas?

Answer 30

Epidural - Meningeal artery
Subdural - Cerebral vein
Subarachnoid - Cerebral artery

Question 31

What dural reflexion separates supratentorial structures from posterior fossa structures?

Answer 31

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 32

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 32

On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny. Very Good Vehicle Any How. 
Olfactory 
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal 
Abducens
Facial 
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Question 33

Where is the olfactory nerve?

Answer 33

It is past the olfactory bulb, in the nose.

Question 34

Where do most of the sinuses drain?

Answer 34

Into the jugular foramen

Question 35

What is the path of blood drainage through the brain?

Answer 35

Superior sagittal sinus –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> Jugular foramen

Question 36

What structure passes through the foramen spinosum?

Answer 36

Middle meningeal artery

Question 37

How does the facial nerve exit the skull?

Answer 37

Through the Stylomastoid foramen

Question 38

Through what passageway doe the facial nerve exit the cranial cavity?

Answer 38

Internal auditory (acoustic) meatus

Question 39

What structures are found in the posterior fossa?

Answer 39

Midbrain, Pons, Facial Nerve, Cerebellum