Scalp, cranial cavity, and meninges

Question 1

What are the layers of the scalp

Answer 1

Skin
Connective tissue
epicranial Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

Question 2

What is the extent of the scalp and face

Answer 2

Scalp- superior nuchal line to supraorbital margins of frontal bone

Face- nterior aspect of the head from forehead to chin and from ear to the other

Question 3

Describe the layers of the scalp

Answer 3

Skin- outermost layer contains glands and hair follices, thickest over occipital
Connective tissue- Subcutaneous layer with neurovascular structures its richly
vascularised and with cutaneous nerves
epicranial Apneurosis- Tendon and muscle of occipitofrontalis, prevents superficial
wounds and when compromised requires suturing
Loose connective tissue- seperates scalp from underlying pericranium and calvaria
allows movement of outer layers
Pericranium- External periosteal layer

Question 4

What layers have potential for accumulation of fluid or spread of infection

Answer 4

Epicranial Aponeurosis to the pericranium

Question 5

What innervates the face and the scalp

Answer 5

Trigeminal nerve CN V(all branches) and Cervical nerves C2-3

Question 6

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal branch and where do they pass through

Answer 6

Ophthalmic, superior orbital fissure
Maxillary, passes through foramen rotundum into pterygopalatine fossa
Mandibular, through foramen ovale into infratemporal fossa

Question 7

What are the branches of the ophthalmic branch and there course (CN V1)

Answer 7

nasocillary- Runs through the superior orbital fissure and gives off the infratrochlear
nerve and external nasal
frontal- Runs through the superior orbital fissure and gives off the supraorbital and
the supratrochlear nerve
lacrimal- Runs through the superior orbital fissure and gives off the lacrimal nerve

Question 8

What are the branches of the Maxillary branch (CN V2)

Answer 8

Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infra-orbital

Question 9

What are the branches of Mandibular branch (CN V3)

Answer 9

Auriculotemporal
Buccal
Mental

Question 10

What is the blood supply of the face and scalp from and the branches

Answer 10

ICA and ECA

ICA- same names as the nerves (supratrochlear artery, superficial temporal artery)
ECA- Superficial temporal, Posterior auricular, Occipital

Question 11

What is the drainage of the scalp and face from and the branches

Answer 11

the veins run alongside the arteries and share the same name all draining into the EJV

except from the occipital into the IJV

Question 12

What are the 3 cranial fossas

Answer 12

Anterior Middle and Posterior cranial fossa

Question 13

Describe the anterior fossa

Answer 13

Consists of the frontal, ethmoid and spenoid bones
Is the shallowest part and occupied by frontal lobes
Contains formina of the cribriform plate where olfactory bulbs (CN I) receive nerve fibres from the nasal cavity
Cribriform plate fractures can present with CSF rhinorrhoea

Question 14

Describe the middle fossa

Answer 14

Consists of the sphenoid and temporal bones and occupied by the temporal lobes
pituitary gland lies in it in the hypophyseal fossa
has the ovale, rotundum, lacerum and spinosum fossa’s

Question 15

Describe the posterior fossa

Answer 15

Consists of the spenoid, occipital and temporal bones occupied by the cerebellum and the brainstem
Has the foramen magnum and jugular foramen and hypoglosal canal

Question 16

What are meninges

Answer 16

3 membranous layers the help to protect the brain

Question 17

What are the layers of the meninges

Answer 17

Dura Matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

Question 18

What is the dura matter

Answer 18

a meninges with 2 layers:

Periosteal Layer- Attached to bone
Meningeal Layer-In contact with arachnoid mater

seperated by dural folds and venous sinuses

Question 19

What is the arachnoid meninges

Answer 19

Lines the dura matter
has no vessels and is spiderweb like with projections into the pia, between these is the subarchanoid space with contasins cerebrospinal fluid and cushions your brain

Question 20

What is the Pia meninges

Answer 20

Thin membrane attached to surface of brain
It adheres to brain surface it enters the sulci of the brain

Question 21

What is the blood supply of the dura matter

Answer 21

By the meningeal arteries:

Anterior Meningeal arteries (From the ethmoidal arteries)
Middle & Accessory Meningeal arteries(branch of maxillary artery)
Posterior Meningeal Arteries(from ascending phayrngeal artery)

Question 22

damage to the pterion can risk what artery

Answer 22

The middle meningeal