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GCSE Edexcel Separate Chemistry > SC22-24 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

SC22-24 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A
  • Contains hydrogen and carbon
  • **only **
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2
Q

Define homologous series

A

‘Family’ of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties

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3
Q

Define functional group

A

Atom or group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristics and reactions of an organic compounds

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4
Q

What are alkanes?

A

A homologous series with the general formula of CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Name the first four alkanes

A
  1. methane
  2. ethane
  3. propane
  4. butane
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6
Q

Alkanes contain saturated bonds. What does the term saturated mean?

A

They only contain single bonds between the carbons

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7
Q

What is the molecular formula for methane?

A

CH4

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8
Q

What is the molecular formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

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9
Q

What is the molecular formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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10
Q

What is the molecular formula for butane?

A

C4H10

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11
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Homologous series that contain an unsaturated bond and have a chemical formula of CNH2N

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12
Q

What does the term unsaturated bond mean?

A

Containing a double carbon bond

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13
Q

How can alkenes make more bonds?

A

By opening up the double C bond

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14
Q

What are addition reactions?

A

Reactions wherein one molecule combines with another, forming a larger molecule and no other products

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15
Q

Ethene and Bromine are in an addition reaction. What is the product formed?

A

1,2 diobromoethane

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16
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Their double bond allows them to merge with other molecules, whereas alkanes don’t have a double bond which limits their reactivity

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17
Q

Define isomer

A

Chemicals that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

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18
Q

Give an example of an alkene that has isomers

A

Butene:
- but-1-ene
- but-2-ene

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19
Q

Where is the double bond placed in but-1-ene?

A

On the first carbon bond

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20
Q

Where is the double bond placed on but-2-ene?

A

On the second carbon

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21
Q

When considering isomers, what side of the chain do we begin counting from?

A

Take the shortest route: this could be going from right to left or from left to right

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22
Q

How can we test for a difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A
  1. shaking bromine water with the two solutions
  2. alkenes will decolourise the solution, changing it from orange yellow to colourless
  3. alkanes will result in no change, which means the solution remain orange-yellow
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23
Q

Which of the two homologous groups undergo complete combustion?

A

Alkanes and Alkenes

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24
Q

Which of the two homologous groups undergo incomplete combustion?

A

Alkenes

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25
Q

What are the products formed from complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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26
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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27
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

hydroxyl group (OH)

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28
Q

State the chemical properties of alcohols

A
  • produce C02 and H20 in a complete combustion reaction
  • can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
  • react with reactive materials, forming H20 as one of the products
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29
Q

What are the uses of alcohol?

A
  • cosmetics
  • medical drugs
  • varnishes
  • methanol and ethanol used as fuels
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30
Q

Name the first four alcohols

A
  1. methanol
  2. ethanol
  3. propanol
  4. butanol
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31
Q

What is the molecular formula for ethene?

A

C2H4

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32
Q

What is the molecular formula for propene?

A

C3H6

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33
Q

What is the molecular formula for butene?

A

C4H8

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34
Q

What is the molecular formula for pentene?

A

C5H10

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35
Q

What is the main alcohol found in alcoholic drinks?

A

Ethanol

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36
Q

How is ethanol produced?

A

Through fermentation

37
Q

How is ethanol concentrated?

A

fractional distillation

38
Q

Write a word equation for fermentation

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

39
Q

What is the formula for ethanol?

A

C2H50H

40
Q

Where do the enzymes for fermentation come from?

A

From yeast cells

41
Q

State a quick overview of what happens in fermentation

A

Sugar or starch is dissolved in water and yeast is added

42
Q

What do the enzymes do in fermentation?

A

They break down the sugars to alcohol

43
Q

What does chemically oxidised alcohol produce?

A

Carboxylic acids

44
Q

Why must there be an air lock to ferment the ethanol?

A

To keep the oxygen out as yeast fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration

45
Q

What is the highest concentration of alcohol produced by yeast fermentation?

A

15%

46
Q

What is used to produce a more concentrated solution of ethanol?

A

Fractional distillation

47
Q

Explain how fractional distillation is used to produce more concentrated solutions of alcohol such as ethanol

A
  1. The water and ethanol solution are heated
  2. Ethanol evaporates first as it has a lower boiling point than water, cools then condenses
  3. The water left evaporates, cools then condenses
48
Q

State the first four alcohols

A
  1. Methanol
  2. Ethanol
  3. Propanol
  4. Butanol
49
Q

State the formula for methanol

A

CH3OH

50
Q

State the formula for propanol

A

C3H7OH

51
Q

State the formula for butanol

A

C4H9OH

52
Q

Write a balanced equation for the formation of ethanol from carbohydrates

A

C6H12O6 + enzymes → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

53
Q

State the chemical properties of alcohol

A
  • Produce carbon dioxide and water during complete combustion
  • can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
  • react with reactive metals, forming water as one of the products
54
Q

Why do all alcohols have similar chemical properties?

A

They all have the same functional group

55
Q

Name the first four carboxylic acids

A
  1. Methanoic acid
  2. Ethanoic acid
  3. Propanoic acid
  4. Butanoic acid
56
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxyl- COOH

57
Q

What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?

A

Cn-1H2n+1COOH

58
Q

State the formula for methanoic acid

A

HCOOH

59
Q

State the formula for Ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH

60
Q

State the formula for Propanoic acid

A

C2H5COOH

61
Q

State the formula for Butanoic acid

A

C3H6COOH

62
Q

State some chemical properties of carboxylic acids

A
  • form solutions with pH less than 7
  • react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen
  • react with bases to form salt and water
  • react with carbonate to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide
63
Q

Define polymer

A

A long chain molecule made by joining many smaller chain molecules together

64
Q

Define monomer

A

A small molecule that can join molecules like itself to form a polymer

65
Q

Define addition polymerisation

A

A type of polymerisation in which the monomers add onto each other and no small molecule is eliminated. It only occurs with monomers that contain the double C bond

66
Q

How do ethene molecules join together to form poly(ethene)?

A
  • They lose the carbon double bond
  • which then transfers to the sides of each of the carbons
  • to form a repeating unit
67
Q

How do alkenes in general undergo addition polymerisation?

A

They lose their double carbon bond

68
Q

Name the folowing monomers for the biological polymers:
a) DNA
b) starch
c) protein

A

a) nucelotides
b) glucose
c) amino acids

69
Q

How is the name of the polymer deduced?

A

poly(monomer)

70
Q

How do we deduce the structure of a monomer from the polymer?

A
  • Identify the repeating unit in the polymer
  • Change the single bond in the repeat unit to a double bond in the monomer
  • Remove the bond from each end of the repeat unit and the subscript n (which can be placed in front of the monomer)
71
Q

How do we deduce the structure of a monomer from its polymer?

A
  • Draw a repeating unit (monomer without double carbon bond)
  • Add a bond to the end of each repeating unit
  • The bonds must extend out of the square brackets
  • small subscript n written on the bottom right hand side
72
Q

What does the small subscript n in a repeating unit stand for?

A

Indicates a large number of repeat units

73
Q

What are the properties of poly (ethene)?

A
  • flexible
  • cheap
  • good insulator
74
Q

What are the properties of poly(propene)?

A
  • flexible
  • shatterproof
  • strong
75
Q

What are the uses of poly(ethene)?

A
  • plastic bags and bottles
  • cling film
76
Q

What are the uses of poly(propene)?

A
  • buckets
  • food packaging
  • ropes
77
Q

What are the properties of poly(chloroethene)?

A
  • tough
  • good insulator
  • rigid
  • flexible
78
Q

What are the uses of poly(chloroethene)?

A
  • window frames
  • gutters
  • pipes
79
Q

What are the properties of poly(tetrafluoroethene)?

A
  • tough
  • slippery
80
Q

What are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene)?

A
  • nonstick coating for frying pans
  • burette taps
  • stain proof clothing
81
Q

Define condensation polymerisation

A

A small molecule is formed as a byproduct each time a bond forms between two monomers

82
Q

What products are produced during the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

A

Esters and water

83
Q

What particular position must the two monomers be whilst reacting under condensation polymerisation?

A
  • functional monomers must be facing each other so that the ester link can be formed between the carbon and oxygen and water can be removed
84
Q

What are the problems with making polymers?

A
  • made using crude oil, which is a finite and non renewable resource
  • can have a damaging impact on the environment if extraction and transportation goes wrong
85
Q

What are the problems with the disposal of polymers?

A
  • cannot bidegrade
  • harms environment if not properly disposed
  • can release toxic flames if incinerated
86
Q

What are the advantages of recycling polymers?

A
  • reduces litter
  • reduces the release of toxic gases in the environment from burning them
  • allows raw materials to last longer
87
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling polymers?

A
  • costs money and energy
  • time consuming
88
Q

Describe how to recycle polymers

A
  1. Collecting and sorting waste into different types
  2. disposing unrecyclable waste
  3. cleaning and grinding polymers into chips
  4. purifying chips
  5. melting chippings to process into new products
  6. codes and symbols are used to make sorting polymers easier

GCSE Edexcel Separate Chemistry (23 decks)

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