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Biology > SB8 Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

SB8 Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we transport substances in the body?

A
  • to remove waste substances
  • to gain energy
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2
Q

How do many substances move into and out of the body?

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

Volume and surface area aren’t proportional. What problems does this cause in multicellular organisms?

A
  • insufficient area to meet their needs
  • volume increases which slows diffusion
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4
Q

What are specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Surfaces that allow for efficient transport of substances from one area to another

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5
Q

What are some adaptations of specialised exchange surfaces?

A
  • short diffusion distance: thin membrane
  • large surface area
  • having an efficient blood supply
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6
Q

What is a SA:V ratio?

A

The ratio of surface area to volume of an object/organism. It impacts the function of exchange surfaces by determining the efficiency of the exchange

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7
Q

What is concentration?

A

The amount of substance in a certain volume

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8
Q

How is concentration calculated?

A

mass of solute (g) / volume of solution (dm^3)

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9
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentrations. It is the overall net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

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10
Q

Why does distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

If the distance is small, diffusion occurs faster because particles don’t have to travel as far

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11
Q

Why does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the surface area, the higher the number of particles that will be able to move in a given time, so the faster the rate

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12
Q

Why does concentration affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The bigger the difference in the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

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13
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

A law that describes the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the three factors that affect it
rate of diffusion is directly proportional to (surface area x concentration difference)/ thickness of membrane

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14
Q

When will the rate of diffusion double?

A
  • surface area or concentration difference is doubled
  • thickness of membrane is halved
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15
Q

What is the role of the blood?

A
  • transports materials
  • distributes heat around the body
  • protects against disease
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16
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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17
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

The liquid that carries the components in the blood

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18
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

Transporting oxygen. They must be able to absorb oxygen in the lungs, pass through narrow capillaries, and release this oxygen to respiring cells

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19
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

Ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies

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20
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Involved in blood clotting

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21
Q

What are the adaptations of a red blood cell?

A
  • contain the protein haemoglobin giving them their red colour
  • no nucleus
  • small and flexible so they can fit through narrow capillaries
  • biconcave shape to maximise their surface area
  • thin, reducing diffusion distance
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22
Q

What are the adaptations of a white blood cell?

A
  • 70% are phagocytes, which surround foreign cells and digest them
  • 30% are lymphocytes, which produce antibodies during an infection to destroy foreign cells
  • their quantity increases during an infection
  • have a nucleus
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23
Q

What are the adaptations of an alveoli?

A
  • one cell thick, providing a short diffusion pathway
  • capillaries provide a good blood supply, maintaining a concentration gradient for diffusion of substances
  • small and arranged in clusters, which increases the SA:V ratio
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24
Q

Give some examples of organisms with large surface areas

A
  • alveoli in respiratory systems
  • villi in the digestive system
  • flattened shape of structures such as leaves
25
Q

What are the adaptations of platelets?

A

They can stop bleeding in two main ways:
- have proteins on their surface which allows them to stick together to breaks in a blood vessel and clump together
- secrete proteins that leads to a blood clot, therefore plugging a wound
- small fragments of cells
- no nucleus

26
Q

Give some examples of organisms with a short distance required for diffusion

A
  • cell membranes
  • flattened shape of structures such as leaves
  • walls of blood capillaries are one cell thick
27
Q

How can a large SA:V ratio affect an organism?

A

The greater the ratio, the better adapted an organism is for diffusion, as it can take in more nutrients and expel waste products more efficiently

28
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
29
Q

What direction does blood flow in in your arteries?

A

Away from the heart
A = AWAY

30
Q

What direction does blood flow in in your veins?

A

Towards the heart

31
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessels of them all, where the exchange of substances takes place

32
Q

What are the adaptations of arteries?

A
  • carry blood under high pressure
  • have thick muscular and elastic walls to pump and accommodate blood
  • Connective tissue, which is a type of supporting tissue provides strength
  • channel in the blood vessel that carries blood: lumen is very narrow
33
Q

What are the adaptations of veins?

A
  • carry blood under low pressure: so the lumen is wide
  • have thin walls; less muscular than arteries
  • have less connective tissue than arteries
  • valves to ensure blood is flowing in the right direction
34
Q

What are the adaptations of capillaries?

A
  • One cell thick walls create a short diffusion pathway
  • permeable walls so substances can move across them
35
Q

What are the parts of a blood vessel?

A
  • endothelium
  • elastic fibres
  • smooth muscle
  • collagen
  • valves
36
Q

What is the role of endothelium?

A

Cells lining blood vessels to reduce friction

37
Q

What is the role of elastic fibres?

A

Proteins that stretch and recoil for flexibility

38
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

Contracts and relaxes to change the size of the lumen

39
Q

What is the role of collagen?

A

Proteins that support the shape of the vessels

40
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

Structure that opens and closes to control blood movement

41
Q

What is the double circulatory system?

A

There are two circuits that the heart pumps through

42
Q

What are the two circuits in the double circulatory system of the heart?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation: wherein deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium and then into the right ventricle, which pumps it through the lungs for gas exchange to take place
  • Systemic circulation: wherein oxygenated blood flows through the left atrium into the left ventricle which pumps oxygenated blood around the body
43
Q

What are the types of arteries and what do they do?

A
  • aorta: pumps blood from heart to body
  • Pulmonary artery: blood from heart to lungs
  • Coronary arteries: supply the heart with blood to use
44
Q

What are the types of veins and what do they do?

A
  • vena cava: blood from body to heart
  • pulmonary vein: blood from lungs to heart
45
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
46
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker and contain more muscle than the right ventricle?

A
  • it supplies blood to the systemic circulation
  • which means that it needs to reach farther away in the body as compared to the pulmonary circulation system, which only needs to reach to the lungs
  • therefore its pumps need to be more powerful
47
Q

Describe the process that blood goes through in the heart

A
  1. blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava, and left atrium through the pulmonary vein
  2. The atria contract forcing the blood into the ventricles
  3. The ventricles then contract, pushing the blood in the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken into the lungs, and the blood in the left ventricle to the aorta to be taken around the body
  4. As this occurs, the valves close to ensure the blood doesn’t flow backwards
48
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by and what is it’s significance?

A
  • controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which provide stimulation through small electrical impulses
  • These pass as a wave across the heart muscle, causing it to contract
  • without this, the heart wouldn’t pump as fast to deliver the required amount of oxygen to the body
49
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The total volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle every minute

50
Q

How do we calculate cardiac output?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

51
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle every minute

52
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of beats per minute that your heart produces and is the same as your pulse rate

53
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

A series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose. It is an exothermic process

54
Q

What is the energy from respiration used for?

A
  • in the chemical reactions to keep organisms alive
  • movement: e.g.: making muscles contract or for the movement of phloem
  • cell division
  • to maintain constant conditions in the body: homeostasis
  • to move molecules against concentration gradients in active transport
  • for transmission of nerve impulses
55
Q

Describe aerobic respiration

A
  • Respiration using oxygen to break down food molecules
  • Glucose is its main respiratory substrate
  • occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, but most energy is released in the mitochondria
56
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration

A
  • respiration where there is not enough oxygen
  • doesn’t yield as much energy as compared to aerobic respiration
  • oxidation of glucose is incomplete
  • therefore, it produces lactic acid
  • produces an oxygen debt
57
Q

What does the body do to enable anaerobic respiration?

A
  • increases heart rate
  • breathing rate and the volume of each breath increases
58
Q

What are the effects of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • production of lactic acid
  • results in an oxygen debt
  • person suffers from muscle fatigue due to low store of glycogen

Biology (18 decks)

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