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Biology > SB3 Separate Content > Flashcards

SB3 Separate Content Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

The process involving the fusion of the male and female gametes, each containing genetic information from the mother or the father

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2
Q

What are the human gametes?

A
  • sperm cells - male
  • egg cells - female
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3
Q

What are the plant gametes?

A
  • pollen - male
  • egg cell - female
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4
Q

Describe a gamete

A
  • haploid
  • therefore contains 23 pairs
  • produced through meiosis
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5
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • increases sexual variation
  • species can adapt to new environmentsdue to variation, giving them a survival advantage
  • disease less likely to affect population (due to variation)
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes time and energy to find mates
  • slow
  • difficult for isolated members of a species to reproduce
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7
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

The process in which genetically identical offspring are being produced by one parent

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8
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • no need to find a mate
  • rapid reproductive cycle (if enough food available)
  • If a parent is well adapted to the environment, offspring will be too
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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • limited genetic variation in population
  • population vulnerable to changes in habitat and may only be suitable to one habitat
  • disease more likely to affect the whole population - could cause them to be wiped out
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10
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides (bases) in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for an amino acid

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11
Q

What determines the protein produced?

A

The order of bases

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12
Q

What are the two stages in protein synthesis?

A
  • transcription
  • translation
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13
Q

What happens in transcription?

A
  • RNA polymerase attaches to DNA in front of a gene in the non-coding region and the two DNA strands separate
  • RNA polymerase moves along the template strand and adds complimentary bases to form messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • mRNA has the base uracil rather than T, which pairs with Adenine
  • mRNA leaves nucleus through pores
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14
Q

What are the proteins involved in transcription?

A
  • mRNA
  • RNA polymerase
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15
Q

What base is present in protein synthesis that is not present in DNA?

A

Uracil (U)

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16
Q

What does the base U bind with?

A

A

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17
Q

What occurs in translation?

A
  • mRNA attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  • Ribosome moves along mRNA 3 bases at a time
  • at each mRNA codon, a transfer RNA with complementary bases lines up
  • it carries an amino acid
  • Ribosomes moves along and the amino acid joins up to form a polypeptide
  • empty tRNA leaves
  • Amino acids join to form a polypeptide chain which folds to form a protein. Shape is important for function
18
Q

What are the proteins involved in translation?

A
  • ribsome
  • transfer RNA
  • polypeptide
19
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

20
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

cyptoplasm

21
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

22
Q

Define genotype

A

Genes present in the DNA of an individual

23
Q

Define phenotype

A

Genes expressed in an individual: the visible effects of a genotype

24
Q

What are genetic variants?

A

Small changes in the order of bases that make up a strand of DNA

25
Q

What are the causes of genetic mutations ?

A

Mistakes when DNA is copied during cell division, or environmental factors such as radiation

26
Q

What is the effect of mutations in the coding region of DNA?

A

Will alter the structure or function of the protein produced because it will alter the sequence of bases

27
Q

What is the effect of mutations in the non coding region of DNA?

A

Affects the binding of the RNA molecule, which affects how much of the protein is produced

28
Q

How do mutations occur in the non coding region of DNA?

A
  • RNA polymerase attaches to non-coding DNA found before genes
  • Mutations here may mean that it doesn’t bind well (reducing transcription)
  • Mutations here may also cause it to bind better (increasing transcription) so more mRNA made
29
Q

What could be the effects of mutations in the sequence of bases in DNA?

A
  • A base is inserted into a code
  • A base is deleted from a code
  • A base is substituted into a code - may not even change the amino acid, as several codons code for the same amino acid
30
Q

What are stop codons?

A

Codons that stop translation and don’t code for an amino acid

31
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

The monk who started modern ideas about genes

32
Q

How did Gregor Mendel experiment?

A

Using pea plants

33
Q

What are the four blood groups?

A
  • A
  • B
  • O
  • AB
34
Q

Which blood group is the universal donor?

A

Blood group O

35
Q

Which blood group is the universal receiver?

A

Blood group AB

36
Q

What are the alleles for deciding blood group?

A

I^A, I^B, I^O

37
Q

Which of the blood group alleles are dominant?

A

A and B

38
Q

Which blood group allele is recessive?

A

o

39
Q

What is codominance?

A

Blood group A and B are equally dominant, so they are both expressed, giving us blood group AB

40
Q

What is a sex-linked disorder?

A

Disorders caused by the XX and XY alleles

41
Q

Why are men more likely to have sex linked diseases?

A
  • the Y gene is much smaller than the X
  • so the Y gene has less alleles than the X, and is even missing some alleles
  • therefore, if the X gene has a faulty allele, it will always be expressed if the Y gene doesn’t have the dominant counterpart

Biology (18 decks)

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