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GCSE Biology > SB8 > Flashcards

SB8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do our lungs get rid of

A

Carbon dioxide produced in aerobic respiration

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2
Q

Why is a lung’s surface area so large

A

It’s packed with alveoli that increases surface area and thus speed of gas exchange

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3
Q

Why is there a limit to a cell size

A

Because the SA:V ratio would be too small and the cell wouldn’t be able to get raw materials fast enough

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4
Q

What does the alveoli do

A

Where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream (oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out)

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5
Q

Name the adaptations of alveoli

A

Very thin walls so the diffusion path is short (one cell thick)
A lot of blood vessels around them (capillaries)
A lot of them, large surface area

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6
Q

What is Fick’s law

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) ÷
thickness of membrane

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7
Q

What do veins do and what do they have

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Wide
Thin, flexible wall

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8
Q

What do arteries do and what do they have

A

Take oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
Narrow
Thick layer of elastic and muscle fibres

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9
Q

What are capillaries and what do they have

A

Connect the arteries and veins
One cell thick wall (allows for diffusion quicker)
Narrow

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10
Q

What is a pulse

A

A shock wave that travels through the walls of the arteries each time the heart pumps

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11
Q

What do valves do

A

They prevent blood flowing the wrong way

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12
Q

Why do veins have thin walls

A

Because blood flows under low pressure in the veins

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13
Q

What cells are in the blood

A

Red blood cells (erythocytes)
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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14
Q

What does haemoglobin do

A

Binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it again in tissues

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15
Q

Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape with no nucleus

A

Allows for a larger surface area for oxygen to diffuse in and out

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16
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies that identify and kill foreign cells

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17
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Surrounds and engulfs foreign cells

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18
Q

What causes a heart attack

A

Blood stopping flow to the heart

19
Q

What are the four chambers in the heart

A

The left atrium (at the top)
The right atrium (at the top)
The left ventricle
The right ventricle

20
Q

What does the vena cava do

A

It brings deoxygenated blood from the body

21
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Passes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

22
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Passes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

23
Q

What does the aorta do

A

Passes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

24
Q

How is blood pumped in the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood flows in through the right atrium into the right ventricle
Oxygenated blood flows through the left atrium into the left ventricle
Ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart
The valves in the heart prevent blood from flowing back into the atria

25
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker walls

A

It needs to pump a lot of blood around the body and so requires a larger force

26
Q

What do tendons do

A

They stop valves from turning inside out

27
Q

What is heart rate

A

The amount of times your heart beats per minute

28
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output (litres/min) =stroke volume (litres/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)

29
Q

Why do organisms need to respire

A

Because cellular respiration provides energy, organisms need energy for movement

30
Q

Why is respiration exothermic

A

Because it releases energy

31
Q

What do platelets do

A

They form blood clots to stop/prevent bleeding

32
Q

What do plasma do

A

They transport carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat

33
Q

What happens in aerobic respiration

A

Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water (this happens in the mitochondria)

34
Q

Why does aerobic respiration release so much energy

A

Because the glucose has been fully oxidised

35
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration happen

A

When there is a shortage of oxygen

36
Q

What are the formulae for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose –> lactic acid (in the cytoplasm)

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide (in plant and yeast cells)

37
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration release less oxygen

A

Because the oxidation of glucose is incomplete

38
Q

What is fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells

39
Q

Why do breathing and heart rates increase after exercise

A

To replace extra oxygen lost from blood and muscles and to get rid of lactic acid

40
Q

What is soda lime used for in the experiment?

A

Absorbs carbon dioxide so it doesn’t interfere with the coloured liquid

41
Q

What is cotton wool there for in the experiment?

A

To protect the organism and you

42
Q

What is the coloured liquid used for in the experiment?

A

To see the amount of oxygen used

43
Q

Compare anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen
In both reactions, glucose is broken down to release energy
Both produce carbon dioxide
Energy is released in both reactions
Aerobic respiration releases more energy
The glucose in aerobic respiration is fully oxidised

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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