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GCSE Biology > SB2 > Flashcards

SB2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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2
Q

Describe what happens in interphase

A

DNA replication and the production of extra sub-cellular parts (eg: mitochondria)

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3
Q

Explain what happens in interphase

A

Each chromosome is copied, the copies remain in X-shapes
Ribosomes and mitochondria increase in numbers
Cell increases in size

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4
Q

What happens in prophase

A

The membrane around the nucleus disappears and spindle fibres appear

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5
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell

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6
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

The chromosome copies are separated and move to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres

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7
Q

What happens in telophase

A

New membranes form around each set of chromosomes, this forms nuclei

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8
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

A cell membrane forms to separate the two cells (cell walls form in plant cells)

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9
Q

What causes the production of cancer cells

A

Uncontrollable cell division

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10
Q

What is produced by mitosis

A

2 genetically identical diploid cells

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11
Q

Suggest three ways you can measure a baby’s growth

A

Weigh it to calculate its weight
Measure its length
Measure its head circumference

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12
Q

What is differentiation

A

When less specialised cells turn into more specialised ones

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13
Q

What are meristems

A

Undifferentiated group of cells near the end of each shoot and root that allows plants to continue growing throughout their lives

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14
Q

What do meristems do

A

They divide rapidly by mitosis

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15
Q

What happens in the zone of division

A

Dividing of meristem cells

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16
Q

What happens in the zone of elongation

A

Where cells produced increase in length

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17
Q

What happens in the zone of differentiation

A

Tissues/Cells become differentiated

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18
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells that have not yet undergone cell differentiation

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19
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Cells of an early stage embryo, it can turn into any type of specialised cell

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20
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Stem cells that can only produce the type of specialised cell that is in the tissue around them

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21
Q

How can you use embryonic stem cells to create specialised cells

A

You can stimulate stem cells to make them produce specialised cells then inject them into the places they are needed

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22
Q

How can stem cells cause cancer

A

If the stem cells continue to divide inside the body after they have replaced damaged cells

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23
Q

How can stem cells cause problems

A

Stem cells from another person could be rejected by the patient

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24
Q

What is the brain made up of

A

Neurones

25
Q

Where is the cerebral cortex

A

The front of the brain, makes up 80% of the brain

26
Q

Where is the cerebellum

A

At the back of the brain towards the lower part

27
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata

A

Towards the bottom of the brain

28
Q

Name three functions of the cerebral cortex

A 
Language
Senses
Memory
Behaviour
Speech
29
Q

Name three functions of the cerebellum

A

Balance
Posture
Timing

30
Q

Name three functions of the medulla oblongata

A

Heart rate
Breathing rate
Reflexes such as sneezing and vomiting

31
Q

What does scanning do

A

Shows the structure of a brain without the risk of damaging the brain

32
Q

How does a CT scan function

A

An X-ray moves in a circle around the head and detectors measure the absorption of X-rays, denser materials absorb more X-rays, causing whiter areas

33
Q

How does a PET scan work

A

Patient is injected with radioactive glucose, more active cells will take in more glucose that less active ones. Radioactive atoms cause gamma rays which can be detected by the scanner

34
Q

Why can you never regain full movement if your spinal cord is destroyed

A

There are no adult stem cells that can differentiate into neurones so neurones cannot repair damage

35
Q

Name some disadvantages of chemotherapy

A

The blood-brain barrier could prevent drugs from killing tumours in the brain
They can damage the body and brain

36
Q

What do PET scans do

A

They show brain activity

37
Q

What does the myelin sheath do

A

It’s a fatty layer that acts as an insulator and speeds up nerve impulses

38
Q

What do dendrites do

A

Receive impulses from receptor cells/other neurones

39
Q

What do axon terminals do

A

They pass impulses onto other neurones

40
Q

Describe the stages of picking something up

A

Receptor cells in the eye transmit impulses to sensory neurones in the optic nerve to the brain. The brain sends an impulse to the motor neurone (muscle) and the muscles in the hand receive the impulses and pick up the object

41
Q

What are cones

A

Colour sensitive receptor cells in the eyes

42
Q

What is the retina

A

The part at the back of the eye that contains receptor cells

43
Q

What are rods (eyes)

A

Receptor cells that detect differences in light intensity

44
Q

Difference between rods and cones

A

Rods work very well in dim light, cones work really well in bright light

45
Q

Where are rods and cones

A

In the retina

46
Q

What is the iris

A

The coloured part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by constricting and dilating the pupil

47
Q

What does the lens do when focusing on closer or further objects

A

Closer- It gets fatter to bend the light rays more

Further- It gets thinner to cause less light ray bending

48
Q

What does the cornea do

A

Allows light to enter, slightly causes bending of light

49
Q

What happens to ciliary muscles when looking at a nearby object

A

They contract (and the suspensory ligaments slacked)

50
Q

What happens to ciliary muscles when looking at a further object

A

They relax and the suspensory ligament stretch

51
Q

What is short sightedness (myopia)

A

When distant objects cannot be seen properly because the rays of light are focused in front of the retina

52
Q

What is long sightedness (hyperopia)

A

When close objects cannot be seen properly because rays of light are focused behind the retina

53
Q

What is cataract

A

When protein builds up inside the lens, making it cloudy (can be corrected by replacing the lens)

54
Q

What is colour-blindness

A

When cones do not work properly, causing difficulty in seeing colours

55
Q

What is a synapse

A

A tiny gap

56
Q

What are synapses used for

A

Generating a new impulse so the original impulse doesn’t lose its strength

57
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

A substance that diffuses across a gap between two neurones

58
Q

Name the steps an impulse goes through in a reflex arc

A

Stimulus -> Receptor cells -> Sensory neurones -> Relay neurone (spinal cord) -> Motor Neurone (in muscle or gland) -> Effector

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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