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GCSE Biology > SB4 > Flashcards

SB4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the binomial system

A

The system of naming organisms using Latin words

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2
Q

What is evolution

A

The gradual change in characteristics of a species over time

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3
Q

Why can’t we be sure that human-like animals evolved into modern humans

A

Because there are gaps in fossil evidence

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4
Q

What is natural selection

A

A process in which certain organisms are more likely to survive because they possess certain genetic variations

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5
Q

Why should people finish using their antibiotics fully and not stop early

A

As the antibiotics kill more and more bacteria, more bacteria grow resistant to it and the most resistant bacteria will take the longest to die. This bacteria can replicate and create more resistant bacteria so now the new population of bacteria are fully resistant

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6
Q

What causes faster evolution

A

An external factor, forcing a species to evolve, eg: rats being killed with warfarin led to the entire species being resistant

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7
Q

What is a pentadactyl limb

A

A limb that has five digits (thumbs and fingers) shared by all vertebrate

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8
Q

What does the pentadactyl limb suggest

A

Despite different animals having different limb structures, this would suggest a common ancestor between them

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9
Q

How many kingdoms of classification are there

A

5

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10
Q

Why can we not use characteristics for classification

A

A lot of species look similar but do not have common ancestors, eg: fossa and other types of cats

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11
Q

What 3 domains are all organisms divided into

A

Archaea, eukarya and bacteria

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12
Q

What are properties of archaea

A

Cells with no nucleus, genes contain unused sections of DNA

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13
Q

What are properties of bacteria

A

Cells with no nucleus, no unused sections in genes

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14
Q

What are properties of eukarya

A

Cells with a nucleus, unused sections in DNA

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15
Q

What are the main characteristics of animals

A

Multicellular with cells arranged as tissues and organs, cells with nuclei and no cell walls

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16
Q

What are the main characteristics of plants

A

Multicellular with plants arranged as tissues and organs, have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, cell walls and nuclei

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17
Q

What are the main characteristics of fungi

A

Multicellular (except yeasts), live and feed on dead matter, cells have nuclei, cell walls that contain chitin

18
Q

What are the main characteristics of protists

A

Mostly unicellular (some are multicellular) cells have nuclei, some have cell walls

19
Q

What are the main characteristics of prokaryotes

A

Unicellular, cells do not have nuclei, flexible cell walls

20
Q

What is artificial selection

A

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics

21
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Humans repeatedly breeding a species with desired characteristics for a prolonged period of time

22
Q

State reasons why plants and animals are often selectively bred

A
  • Flavour
  • Disease resistance
  • Yield
  • Coping with certain environmental conditions
  • Fast growth
23
Q

What are GMOs

A

Genetically modified organisms, made by genetic engineering

24
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Changing the DNA of one organism by inserting genes from another

25
Q

What is one advantage and disadvantage of genetic engineering

A

Quicker than artificial selection but it’s more expensive

26
Q

What is tissue culture

A

The growing of cells or tissues in a liquid containing nutrients or on a solid medium

27
Q

What is a callus

A

A clump of undifferentiated cells

28
Q

What is tissue culture used for

A

Growing identical cells

29
Q

What is tissue culture used for

A

Growing identical cells

30
Q

What is the method for tissue culture (cloning plants)

A

1) Piece of plant is placed in bleach solution to sterilise it
2) Plant hormones added to piece of plant so it grows shoots and roots
3) When plant is large enough, it’s placed into soil or compost to grow

31
Q

What are risks of selective breeding

A

All organisms are very similar so if one organism is affected by a change in condition, all organisms will be effected
Alleles needed in the future may not exist
Animal welfare, some animals might be so fat that they cannot stand

32
Q

What are some genetic engineering issues

A
  • The seeds for GM plants are expensive
  • Some think that eating GMOs are bad for health
  • Some think that GM crops will reproduce with wild plants, passing their resistant genes
33
Q

How is bacteria genetically engineered

A

1) Restriction enzymes are used to cut a useful gene out of the organism (leaves it with sticky ends)
2) Restriction enzymes are also used to cut plasmids open
3) Two matching sticky ends can be joined using ligase (enzyme)
4) Plasmids are inserted back into bacteria

34
Q

What is yield

A

The amount of crop we can use

35
Q

What is the Bt toxin

A

A natural insecticide

36
Q

What is an advantage of Bt toxin

A

It only affects insects that chew the plant tissues

37
Q

What is a problem with growing plants

A
  • If they make their own insecticide, the insects can become resistant to it
  • Pests can eat it
38
Q

What is a problem with growing plants

A

If they make their own insecticide, the insects can become resistant to it

39
Q

How can we solve insect’s resistance to insecticide

A

Produce new GM versions of the plant to replace the varieties that pests are resistant to

40
Q

What is biological control

A

Using organisms to control pests

41
Q

What are some disadvantages of fertiliser

A
  • If not all fertiliser is absorbed by crops, it can get into streams, rivers and lakes, causing pollution and death of organisms
  • Can cause health problems in humans and animals if they drink the water
42
Q

What are advantages of fertiliser

A

-Increases the growth and yield of crop plants

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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