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GCSE Biology > SB5 > Flashcards

SB5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause diseases

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Diseases that can be passed from an infected person to other people

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3
Q

What are non-communicable diseases

A

Diseases that cannot be passed from person to person, they’re caused by our lifestyle or a problem in our body

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4
Q

How can one disease lead to another

A

One disease could damage the immune system
A disease could cause damage to defences
A disease that stops an organ from working properly

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5
Q

What is health

A

A state of physical and mental well-being

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6
Q

What is obesity

A

Condition when person someone has a BMI over 30, caused by a high fat and sugar diet

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7
Q

How can obesity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Fat can build up in the artery wall, making the artery narrower

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8
Q

How can smoking increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Substances from tobacco smoke damage the artery lining

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9
Q

How can a blood clot increase the risk of a heart attack

A

A blood clot can block an artery, preventing blood flow

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10
Q

How can you reduce high blood pressure

A

Exercising more
Giving up smoking
Medicine

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11
Q

How can narrowed blood arteries be widened

A

A small mesh tube (stent) is inserted in the narrowest part

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12
Q

How can blocked arteries be fixed

A

Inserting other blood vessels so that the heart is supplied with oxygen and nutrients

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13
Q

What is cardiovascular disease

A

A disease that causes the heart and circulatory system the not function properly

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14
Q

List 3 ways pathogens can spread

A

Through water, eg cholera
Through the air, eg sneezes, water droplets
Through direct contact, eg HIV

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15
Q

How can you reduce the spread of pathogens

A 
Washing your hands before eating
Providing people with clean water
Reduce direct contact with individuals
Vaccination
Isolation if the disease is highly infectious
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16
Q

What is chalara dieback

A

A communicable disease of ash trees caused by a fungus. A symptom is leaves dying earlier than usual

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17
Q

What is cholera

A

A communicable disease caused by bacterium. It spreads through water and causes diarrhoea

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18
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

A communicable disease caused by bacteria that infects the lungs

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19
Q

What is a vector

A

Organisms that carry pathogens from person to person

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20
Q

What is a capsid

A

A protein coat that surrounds a virus’ genetic material

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21
Q

What is lysis

A

When a cell membrane breaks open and releases everything within it

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22
Q

Explain what happens in the lytic cycle

A

1) Virus attaches to cell and injects its viral genetic material
2) Viral genetic material forms a circle
3) New viral genetic mater and proteins are assembled
4) The cell lyses, releasing viruses

23
Q

Explain what happens in the lysogenic cycle

A

1) After the genetic material forms a circle, the viral genetic material inserts itself into the bacterial chromosomes
2) Bacterium reproduces with the viral genetic material
3) Viral genetic material separates from bacterial chromosome and this then goes into the lytic cycle

24
Q

How can you study the effect of viruses on bacteria

A

Using bacterial lawn plates

25
Q

What is nutrient agar

A

A thin layer where bacteria grows

26
Q

What is the cuticle

A

The waxy layer on the outer surface of leaves

27
Q

What is a chemical barrier

A

Use of chemical compounds to defend against attacks by pathogens, such as lysozyme and hydrochloric acid in humans, and poisons and insect repellents in plants

28
Q

What is a physical barrier

A

A barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to get into the body, such as skin, mucus and cilia in animals, and cuticles and cell walls in plants

29
Q

What are examples of a physical barriers

A

Skin
Mucus
Hair

30
Q

What are examples of chemical barriers

A

Toxins
Sweat
Urine

31
Q

How are plants used medically

A

Used to kill pathogens

Used to produce medicines

32
Q

What are aseptic techniques

A

Techniques used to keep away all microorganisms

33
Q

What is distribution analysis

A

Looking at the pattern of where damaged plants occur to see what caused the damage

34
Q

What can you use to identify stress in plants

A

Drones

35
Q

What is lysozyme

A

An enzyme that breaks down cells walls of some bacteria

36
Q

What is mucus

A

A sticky secretion in the lining of many openings that acts as a physical barrier

37
Q

What are ciliated cells

A

Cells that carry dust and pathogens (substances) away

38
Q

What can help identify an infection

A

Screening

39
Q

What are antigens

A

Proteins on the outer surface of a cell

40
Q

What are lymphocytes and what do they do

A

They’re a type of white blood cells with antibodies on their surface.

1) Antibodies that match the shape of the antigens on a pathogen attach to the pathogens which stops the pathogen from working
2) Lymphocytes divide over and over to produce identical clones
3) Some lymphocytes secrete antibodies that stick to the antigens and prevent pathogens from working
4) Other lymphocytes remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes

41
Q

What do memory lymphocytes do

A

They remain in the blood and provide a faster second response if the same pathogen tries to infect again, making you immune to that pathogen

42
Q

What do vaccines do

A

They contain weakened/inactive pathogens that include the antigens to trigger a response from white blood cells

43
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When the majority of people are immunised so those that are not have a low chance of infection

44
Q

Who discovered that mould made penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

45
Q

What is penicillin

A

The first type of antibiotic, made from mould

46
Q

What do antibiotics do

A

Substances that kill bacteria

47
Q

What is a problem with antibiotics

A

Bacteria are evolving to have resistance against certain antibiotics

48
Q

List the stages of medicine development

A

Tested on tissues or cells in a lab
Tested on animals
Tested on humans (healthy small amount)
People with the disease will be given the medicine to work out the correct dose

49
Q

How do pregnancy sticks work

A

They detect a hormone that is produced during pregnancy and are extra sensitive as the hormone is produced in small amounts. This is achieved by using antibodies to match the hormone (monoclonal antibodies)

50
Q

Why can’t we use lymphocytes in pregnancy tests

A

After they release antibodies, they cannot divide anymore

51
Q

What are hybridoma cells

A

The fusion of lymphocytes and cancer cells

52
Q

How are hybridoma cells created

A

1) An antigen is injected into a mouse, the mouse produces lymphocytes
2) Cancer cells are grown in a culture medium
3) Cancer cell and lymphocytes fuse to form hybridoma cells, these can divide and make antibodies

53
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies so useful

A
  • Can stick to any protein
  • Can be made to match antigens on a pathogen (and thus identify it)
  • Can be made to stick to specific cells
  • Cancer drugs can be attached to them so they can be delivered to cells that need treatment (reducing the amount of drugs needed to kill the cells and risk of damaging healthy cells)

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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