SB5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
chlamydia
A bacterium that causes an STI
accuired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
When a person’s immune system has been damaged by HIV, so they are more likely to get secondary infections
activated
To make active, such as when a lymphocyte is triggered by a pathogen to start dividing rapidly.
antibodies
A protein produced by lymphocites. It attaches to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps to destroy or neutralise it.
antigens
A protein on the surface of a cell. White blood cells are able to recognise pathogens because of their antigens.
aseptic techniques
Techniques used to keep out unwanted microorganisms, such as when growing microorganism cultures.
autoclave
Machine used to sterilise equiptment and culture media using pressure and heat.
bacterial lawn plates
A nutrient agar plate covered in a film of bacteria.
capsid
The protein coat of a virus.
Chalara dieback
A disease of ash trees caused by a fungus called Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
chemical defence
The use of chemical compounds by organisms to defend against attacks, such as lysozyme and hydrochloric acid in hymans and poisons and insect repellants in plants.
cholera
A bacterial infection of the small intestine.
ciliated cells
A cell that lines certain tubes in the body and has cillia on its surface.
cirrhosis
Damage to the liver caused by drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time
clinical trial
The testing of medicine on people
communicable disease
Any disease that can be spread directly from one person to another.
correlation
A relationship between two variables, so that if one variable changes so does the other. This can be positive or negative.
cross-sectional area
The area of a circle, calculated as (π r²), where r is the radius of the circle.
cutical
An outer covering that is not made of cells. Plant leaves have a cuticle covering the leaves.
deficiency disease
An illness due to an insufficient supply of an essential diatry requirement.
diagnosis
The identification of a cause of a problem
diarrhoea
Loose or watery faeces
disease
An illness that prevents the body from functioning normally.
distribution analysis
Looking at the pattern of where damaged plants occur, to help identify the cause of damage.
drug
A chemical suibstance that alters the function of part of the body.
epedemic
When many people over a large area are infected with the same pathogen at the same time.
genetic disorder
A disorder caused by faulty alleles.
haemorrhagic fever
A disease which includes a fever (high body temperature) and internal bleeding, such as caused by the Ebola virus.
health
A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being.
herd immunity
When the majority of people in a group are immunised, which provides protection to the few who are not by reducing their chances of meeting an infected person.
host
An individual that can be infected by a certain pathogen.
human immunodefieiency virus (HIV)
A virus that attacks white blood cells in the human immune system often leading to AIDS.
hygiene
Keeping things clean by removing or killing pathogens.
immune
When a person does not fall ill after infection because of their immune system attacks and destroys that pathogen quickly.
immune system
All the organs in the body that protect against disease. It includes barriers, such as the skin, together with organs that help to kill pathogens.
immunisation
Making someone immune, for example by vaccinating them.
inhibit
To stop, or slow down, a process.
lifestyle
The way we live that can our affect our bodies, such as what we eat, whether we smoke, or do exercise.
lysis
When the cell membrane of a cell breaks open, releasing everything inside the cell.
lysogenic pathway
The pathway in a virus life cycle where the virus genetic material inserts into the cell’s genetic material and is replicated each time the cell divides.
lysozyme
An enzyme produced in tears, saliva and mucus that damages pathogens.
lytic pathway
The pathway where a virus enters a cell, takes over the cell’s replication process to produce more viruses and causes lysis of the cell as the new viruses are released.
malaraia
A dangerous disease caused by a protist that causes serious fever, headaches and vomiting and can lead to death.
malnutrition
Health problems caused by a diet that contains too little or too much of one or more nutrients.
measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
The vaccine given to to develop immunity to these diseases.
memory lymphocytes
A lymphocyte that remains in the blood for a long time after an infection or vaccination.
mucus
A sticky substance secreted by cells that line many openings to the body.
non-communicable
When a disease cannot be spread from animal to animal or person to person.
nutrient agar
Agar containing nutrients. Used for growing cells, such as in bacterial lawn plates.
pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
penecillin
The first kind of antibiotic. Extracted from mould.
pests
Animals that cause problems such as by damaging crops.
physical barrier
A barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to get into the body, such as skin, mucas and cillia in animals, and cuticle and cell walls in plants.
pre-clinical
The testing of a drug before it is tried on humans, including including testing on cells or tissues and on other animals.
protist
An organism that belongs to a kingdom of eukaryotic and maily single-celled orangisms.
resistance
When an organism has resistance to something ,it is unaffected by it.
screening
Tests on samples of body fluids to check if people have a certain condition (i.e. an STI)
secondary infection
An infection due to the immune system being weakened previously by a different pathogen.
secondary response
The way in which the immune system responds on the secondary occasion that a particular pathogen enters the body.
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
A communicable disease that can be passed from an infected person to an uninfected person during sexual activity.
side effects
Unintended effect of a medicine.
sterilise
To kill all micro-organisms on or in something.
symptoms
Something that is suffered when an organism is ill or is a sign of illness.
tuberculosis (TB)
A communicable bacterial disease that infects the lungs.
vaccine
A substance containing dead or weaked pathogens introduced into the body to make a person immune to the pathogen.
vectors
Something that transfers things from one place to another. For example, and organism that carries a pathogen from one infected to another, such as the mosquito that carries the malaria protist.
white blood cells
A type of blood cell that forms part of the body’s defence system against disease.
yield
The amount of useful product that you can get from something.
