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Edexcel Sciences > SB5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines > Flashcards

SB5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards

1
Q

chlamydia

A

A bacterium that causes an STI

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2
Q

accuired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

When a person’s immune system has been damaged by HIV, so they are more likely to get secondary infections

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3
Q

activated

A

To make active, such as when a lymphocyte is triggered by a pathogen to start dividing rapidly.

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4
Q

antibodies

A

A protein produced by lymphocites. It attaches to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps to destroy or neutralise it.

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5
Q

antigens

A

A protein on the surface of a cell. White blood cells are able to recognise pathogens because of their antigens.

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6
Q

aseptic techniques

A

Techniques used to keep out unwanted microorganisms, such as when growing microorganism cultures.

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7
Q

autoclave

A

Machine used to sterilise equiptment and culture media using pressure and heat.

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8
Q

bacterial lawn plates

A

A nutrient agar plate covered in a film of bacteria.

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9
Q

capsid

A

The protein coat of a virus.

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10
Q

Chalara dieback

A

A disease of ash trees caused by a fungus called Hymenoscyphus fraxineus

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11
Q

chemical defence

A

The use of chemical compounds by organisms to defend against attacks, such as lysozyme and hydrochloric acid in hymans and poisons and insect repellants in plants.

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12
Q

cholera

A

A bacterial infection of the small intestine.

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13
Q

ciliated cells

A

A cell that lines certain tubes in the body and has cillia on its surface.

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14
Q

cirrhosis

A

Damage to the liver caused by drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time

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15
Q

clinical trial

A

The testing of medicine on people

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16
Q

communicable disease

A

Any disease that can be spread directly from one person to another.

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17
Q

correlation

A

A relationship between two variables, so that if one variable changes so does the other. This can be positive or negative.

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18
Q

cross-sectional area

A

The area of a circle, calculated as (π r²), where r is the radius of the circle.

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19
Q

cutical

A

An outer covering that is not made of cells. Plant leaves have a cuticle covering the leaves.

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20
Q

deficiency disease

A

An illness due to an insufficient supply of an essential diatry requirement.

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21
Q

diagnosis

A

The identification of a cause of a problem

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22
Q

diarrhoea

A

Loose or watery faeces

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23
Q

disease

A

An illness that prevents the body from functioning normally.

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24
Q

distribution analysis

A

Looking at the pattern of where damaged plants occur, to help identify the cause of damage.

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25
Q

drug

A

A chemical suibstance that alters the function of part of the body.

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26
Q

epedemic

A

When many people over a large area are infected with the same pathogen at the same time.

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27
Q

genetic disorder

A

A disorder caused by faulty alleles.

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28
Q

haemorrhagic fever

A

A disease which includes a fever (high body temperature) and internal bleeding, such as caused by the Ebola virus.

29
Q

health

A

A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being.

30
Q

herd immunity

A

When the majority of people in a group are immunised, which provides protection to the few who are not by reducing their chances of meeting an infected person.

31
Q

host

A

An individual that can be infected by a certain pathogen.

32
Q

human immunodefieiency virus (HIV)

A

A virus that attacks white blood cells in the human immune system often leading to AIDS.

33
Q

hygiene

A

Keeping things clean by removing or killing pathogens.

34
Q

immune

A

When a person does not fall ill after infection because of their immune system attacks and destroys that pathogen quickly.

35
Q

immune system

A

All the organs in the body that protect against disease. It includes barriers, such as the skin, together with organs that help to kill pathogens.

36
Q

immunisation

A

Making someone immune, for example by vaccinating them.

37
Q

inhibit

A

To stop, or slow down, a process.

38
Q

lifestyle

A

The way we live that can our affect our bodies, such as what we eat, whether we smoke, or do exercise.

39
Q

lysis

A

When the cell membrane of a cell breaks open, releasing everything inside the cell.

40
Q

lysogenic pathway

A

The pathway in a virus life cycle where the virus genetic material inserts into the cell’s genetic material and is replicated each time the cell divides.

41
Q

lysozyme

A

An enzyme produced in tears, saliva and mucus that damages pathogens.

42
Q

lytic pathway

A

The pathway where a virus enters a cell, takes over the cell’s replication process to produce more viruses and causes lysis of the cell as the new viruses are released.

43
Q

malaraia

A

A dangerous disease caused by a protist that causes serious fever, headaches and vomiting and can lead to death.

44
Q

malnutrition

A

Health problems caused by a diet that contains too little or too much of one or more nutrients.

45
Q

measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)

A

The vaccine given to to develop immunity to these diseases.

46
Q

memory lymphocytes

A

A lymphocyte that remains in the blood for a long time after an infection or vaccination.

47
Q

mucus

A

A sticky substance secreted by cells that line many openings to the body.

48
Q

non-communicable

A

When a disease cannot be spread from animal to animal or person to person.

49
Q

nutrient agar

A

Agar containing nutrients. Used for growing cells, such as in bacterial lawn plates.

50
Q

pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease.

51
Q

penecillin

A

The first kind of antibiotic. Extracted from mould.

52
Q

pests

A

Animals that cause problems such as by damaging crops.

53
Q

physical barrier

A

A barrier that makes it difficult for pathogens to get into the body, such as skin, mucas and cillia in animals, and cuticle and cell walls in plants.

54
Q

pre-clinical

A

The testing of a drug before it is tried on humans, including including testing on cells or tissues and on other animals.

55
Q

protist

A

An organism that belongs to a kingdom of eukaryotic and maily single-celled orangisms.

56
Q

resistance

A

When an organism has resistance to something ,it is unaffected by it.

57
Q

screening

A

Tests on samples of body fluids to check if people have a certain condition (i.e. an STI)

58
Q

secondary infection

A

An infection due to the immune system being weakened previously by a different pathogen.

59
Q

secondary response

A

The way in which the immune system responds on the secondary occasion that a particular pathogen enters the body.

60
Q

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

A communicable disease that can be passed from an infected person to an uninfected person during sexual activity.

61
Q

side effects

A

Unintended effect of a medicine.

62
Q

sterilise

A

To kill all micro-organisms on or in something.

63
Q

symptoms

A

Something that is suffered when an organism is ill or is a sign of illness.

64
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

A communicable bacterial disease that infects the lungs.

65
Q

vaccine

A

A substance containing dead or weaked pathogens introduced into the body to make a person immune to the pathogen.

66
Q

vectors

A

Something that transfers things from one place to another. For example, and organism that carries a pathogen from one infected to another, such as the mosquito that carries the malaria protist.

67
Q

white blood cells

A

A type of blood cell that forms part of the body’s defence system against disease.

68
Q

yield

A

The amount of useful product that you can get from something.

Edexcel Sciences (50 decks)

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