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Edexcel Sciences > SB1 - Key Concepts in Biology > Flashcards

SB1 - Key Concepts in Biology Flashcards

1
Q

acrosome

A

A cap-like structure on the head of a sperm cell that contains enzymes used to penetrate an egg cell.

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2
Q

active site

A

The space in an enzyme where the substrate fits during an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

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3
Q

active transport

A

The pumping of particles across a membrane (usually from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, against the concentration gradient). This process requires energy.

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4
Q

adaptations

A

The features of something that enable it to do a certain function (job).

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5
Q

aerobic respiration

A

A type of respiration in which oxygen is used to release energy from substances such as glucose.

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6
Q

Benedict’s solution

A

A solution used to detect the presence of reducing sugars (such as glucose).

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7
Q

biuret test

A

A test that uses copper sulfate solution and potassium hydroxide solution to test for proteins. The blue of the copper sulfate solution turns purple in the presence of proteins.

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8
Q

biological catalysts

A

A substance found in living organisms that speed up reactions i.e. an enzyme.

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9
Q

calorimeter

A

Apparatus used to measure the energy contenof substances by burning them and measuring temperature increase.

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10
Q

catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without itself being used up.

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11
Q

cell membrane

A

The membrane that controls what goes in and out of a cell.

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12
Q

cell sap

A

The liquid found in the permenant vacuole in a plant cell.

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13
Q

cell wall

A

A tough layer if material around some cells that is used for protection and support. It is stiff and made of celluose in plant cells. Bacteria have a flexible cell wall.

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14
Q

chemical reagents

A

Substances that are used up in a chemical reaction

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15
Q

chlorophyll

A

The green substance found inside chloroplasts that traps energy transferred by light.

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16
Q

chloroplasts

A

A green disc containing chlorophyll found in plant cells. This is where the plant makes glucose through photosynthesis.

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17
Q

chromosomes

A

A thread-like structure found in a cell. In humans, this DNA is found in chromosomes but the term is also used to describe the large loop of DNA found in bacteria.

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18
Q

cillia

A

A small hair-like structure on the surface of some cells. Plural is cillia.

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19
Q

cilliated epithelial cells

A

A cell that lines certain tubes in the body and has cillia on its surface.

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20
Q

concentration gradient

A

The difference between two concentrations. There will be an overall movement of particles down a concentration gradient, from higher concentration to a lower concentration.

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21
Q

cytoplasm

A

The watery jelly inside a cell where the cell’s activites take place.

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22
Q

denatured

A

A denatured enzyme is one where the shape of the active site has changed so much that its substrate no longer fits and the reaction can no longer happen.

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23
Q

diffusion

A

The random movement and spreading of particles. There is a net diffusion of particles from regions of high oncentration to regions of lower concentrations.

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24
Q

digestion

A

A process which breaks molecules into smaller, more soluble substances.

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25
Q

diploid

A

A cell or nucleus that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans, almost all cells except the sperm and egg cells are diploid.

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26
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. A polymer made of deoxyribrose sugar molecules and phosphate groups joined to bases.

27
Q

egg cell

A

The female gamete (sex cell).

28
Q

embryo

A

The ball of cells produced by cell division of the zygote. A very early stage in the development of a new individual

29
Q

enzymes

A

A protein produced by living organisms that acts as a catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction.

30
Q

epithelial cells

A

A cell found on the surfaces of internal organs.

31
Q

ethanol emulsion test

A

A test using ethanol to detect lipids in food.

32
Q

eukaryotic

A

A cell with a nucleus is eukaryotic. Organisms that have cells like this are also said to be eukaryotic organisms.

33
Q

eyepiece lens

A

The part of the microscope which you look down.

34
Q

fertilisation

A

Fusing of a male gamete with a female gamete.

35
Q

field of view

A

The circle of light you see when looking down a microscope,

36
Q

flagellum

A

A tail-like structure that rotates, allowing a unicellular organism to move. Plural is flagella.

37
Q

haploid

A

A cell of nucleus that has one set of chromosomes. Gametes are haploid.

38
Q

lock-and-key model

A

A model that describes the way an enzyme catalyses a reaction when the substrate fits whithin the active site of the enzyme.

39
Q

magnification

A

The number of times larger an image is than the inital object that produced it.

40
Q

microvilli

A

A tiny fold in the cell surface membrane of a cell. Microvilli are used to increase the surface area of the cell.

41
Q

mitochondrion

A

A sub-cellular structure in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells wherea erobic respiration occurs. Plural is mitochondria.

42
Q

monomers

A

A small molecule that can join with other molecules like itself to form a polymer.

43
Q

nucleus

A

The ‘control centre’ of a eukaryotic cell.

44
Q

objective lens

A

The part of the microscope that is closest to the specimen.

45
Q

osmosis

A

The overall movement of solvent molecules in a solution across a partially permeable membrane, from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.

46
Q

oviducts

A

A tube that carries egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus in females. Fertilisation happens here.

47
Q

partially permeable

A

Describes a membrane that will allow certain particles to pass through it but not others. Another term for semi-permeable.

48
Q

passive

A

A process that does require energy is passive.

49
Q

plasmid

A

A small loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria.

50
Q

polymers

A

A long-chain molecule made by joining many smaller molecules (monomers) together.

51
Q

precipitate

A

An insoluable substance that is formed when two soluble substances react together in solution.

52
Q

products

A

A substance formed in a reaction

53
Q

reducing sugars

A

Small sugar molecules, such as frutose and glucose, that react with Benedicts’s solution to produce a precipitate.

54
Q

resolution

A

The smallest change that can be measured by an instrument. For example in a microscope, it is the smallest distance between two points that cane be seen as two points and not blurred in one point.

55
Q

ribosomes

A

A sub-cellular structure that attaches mRNA. It allows tRNA moleucles to match up with the mRNA codons and also joins the amino acids together.

56
Q

scale bars

A

A line drawn on a magnified image that shows a certain distance at that magnificatio

57
Q

solute

A

Describes a substance that dissolves in a liquid to make a solution.

58
Q

solvent

A

Describes the liquid in which a substance dissolveds to make a solution.

59
Q

specialised cells

A

A cell that is adapted from a certain specific function (job).

60
Q

sperm cell

A

The male gamete (sex cell).

61
Q

stains

A

A dye used to colour parts of a cell to make them easier to used.

62
Q

synthesis

A

To build a large moleucle from smaller subunits.

63
Q

vacuole

A

The membrane -bound space in the cytoplasm of cells. Plant cells have a large permenat vacuole, which stores water and nutrients, and helps to support the plant by kepping the cells rigid.

Edexcel Sciences (50 decks)

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