SB3 - Genetics Flashcards
ABO blood groups
System of sorting hyman blood into one of four phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) on the basis of antigens on blood cells.
alleles
Most genes come in different versions called animals
asexual reproduction
Producing new organisms from one parent only. These organisms are genetically identical to the parent.
chromosome
clones
The offspring from asexual reproduction. All thecells in a clone are genetically identical to each other and to the parent’s cells.
complementary base pairs
Two DNA bases that fit into each other and link by hydrogen bonds.
daughter cells
A new cell produced from the division of a parent cell.
diploid
A cell or nucleus that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans, almost all cells except the sperm and egg cells are diploid.
DNA bases
adenine, thymine, cytosime and guanine (ATCG)
double helix
The shape of a DNA molecule, consisting of 2 helices.
egg cell
The femalte gamete (sex cell).
environmental variation
Differences between organisms caused by enviromental factors such as the amount of heat, light and damage caused by other organisms.
fertilisation
Fusing of a male gamete with a female gamete.
gametes
gene
A section of the long strand of DNA found in a chromosome that often contains instructions for a specific protein.
genetic code
A set of rules defining how the base order in DNA or RNA is turned into a specific sequence of amino acids joined in a polypeptide chain.
genetic diagram
A diagram showing how the alleles in two parents may form different combinations in the offspring when the parents reproduce.
genetic disorders
A disorder caused by faulty alleles.
genetic variation
Differences between organisms caused by differences in the alleles they inherit from their parents, or differences in genes caused by mutation. Also called inherited variation.
genome
All of the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome.
genotype
The alleles for a certain characteristic that are found in an organism.
haploid
A cell or nucleus that has one set of chromosomes.
heterozygous
When both sides of the alleles for a gene are different in an organism.
Human Genome Project
The international project that mapped the base pairs in the human genome.
hydrogen bond
A weak force of attraction caused by differences in the electrical charge on different parts of different molecules.
invertibretes
Animal without bones, such as an insect or worm.
meosis
A form of cell division in which one parent cell produces four haploid daughter cells.
mitosis
The process of dividing to produce two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
A single strand of RNA produced in transcription.
mutation
A change to a gene caused by a mistake in copying the DNA base pairs during cell division, or by the effects of radiation or certain chemicals.
phenotype
The characteristics produced by a certain set of alleles.
polymers
A long-chain molecule made by joining many smaller molecules together.
probability
The likelihood of an evernt happening. It can be shown as a fraction from 0 to 1, a decimal from 0 to 1 or as a percentage from 0% to 100%
punnet squares
A diagram used to predict the characteristics of offspring produced by two organisms with known conbinations of alleles.
RNA
Abbreviation for ribonucleic acid. The molecules is made of phosphate groups and riobose sugars linke dtogether with one of four bases.
sex chromosomes
A chromosome that defines the sex of an organism.
sexual reproduction
Reproduction that needs a male and female parent.
sperm cell
The male gamete (sex cell)
transcription
The process which the genetic dode in one strand of DNA molecules is used to make mRNA.
variation
vertibretes
Animal with bones, such as humans.
zygote
A fertilised egg cell.
