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Edexcel Sciences > SB3 - Genetics > Flashcards

SB3 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

ABO blood groups

A

System of sorting hyman blood into one of four phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) on the basis of antigens on blood cells.

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2
Q

alleles

A

Most genes come in different versions called animals

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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Producing new organisms from one parent only. These organisms are genetically identical to the parent.

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4
Q

chromosome

A
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5
Q

clones

A

The offspring from asexual reproduction. All thecells in a clone are genetically identical to each other and to the parent’s cells.

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6
Q

complementary base pairs

A

Two DNA bases that fit into each other and link by hydrogen bonds.

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7
Q

daughter cells

A

A new cell produced from the division of a parent cell.

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8
Q

diploid

A

A cell or nucleus that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans, almost all cells except the sperm and egg cells are diploid.

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9
Q

DNA bases

A

adenine, thymine, cytosime and guanine (ATCG)

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10
Q

double helix

A

The shape of a DNA molecule, consisting of 2 helices.

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11
Q

egg cell

A

The femalte gamete (sex cell).

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12
Q

environmental variation

A

Differences between organisms caused by enviromental factors such as the amount of heat, light and damage caused by other organisms.

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13
Q

fertilisation

A

Fusing of a male gamete with a female gamete.

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14
Q

gametes

A
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15
Q

gene

A

A section of the long strand of DNA found in a chromosome that often contains instructions for a specific protein.

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16
Q

genetic code

A

A set of rules defining how the base order in DNA or RNA is turned into a specific sequence of amino acids joined in a polypeptide chain.

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17
Q

genetic diagram

A

A diagram showing how the alleles in two parents may form different combinations in the offspring when the parents reproduce.

18
Q

genetic disorders

A

A disorder caused by faulty alleles.

19
Q

genetic variation

A

Differences between organisms caused by differences in the alleles they inherit from their parents, or differences in genes caused by mutation. Also called inherited variation.

20
Q

genome

A

All of the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome.

21
Q

genotype

A

The alleles for a certain characteristic that are found in an organism.

22
Q

haploid

A

A cell or nucleus that has one set of chromosomes.

23
Q

heterozygous

A

When both sides of the alleles for a gene are different in an organism.

24
Q

Human Genome Project

A

The international project that mapped the base pairs in the human genome.

25
Q

hydrogen bond

A

A weak force of attraction caused by differences in the electrical charge on different parts of different molecules.

26
Q

invertibretes

A

Animal without bones, such as an insect or worm.

27
Q

meosis

A

A form of cell division in which one parent cell produces four haploid daughter cells.

28
Q

mitosis

A

The process of dividing to produce two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent.

29
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

A single strand of RNA produced in transcription.

30
Q

mutation

A

A change to a gene caused by a mistake in copying the DNA base pairs during cell division, or by the effects of radiation or certain chemicals.

31
Q

phenotype

A

The characteristics produced by a certain set of alleles.

32
Q

polymers

A

A long-chain molecule made by joining many smaller molecules together.

33
Q

probability

A

The likelihood of an evernt happening. It can be shown as a fraction from 0 to 1, a decimal from 0 to 1 or as a percentage from 0% to 100%

34
Q

punnet squares

A

A diagram used to predict the characteristics of offspring produced by two organisms with known conbinations of alleles.

35
Q

RNA

A

Abbreviation for ribonucleic acid. The molecules is made of phosphate groups and riobose sugars linke dtogether with one of four bases.

36
Q

sex chromosomes

A

A chromosome that defines the sex of an organism.

37
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction that needs a male and female parent.

38
Q

sperm cell

A

The male gamete (sex cell)

39
Q

transcription

A

The process which the genetic dode in one strand of DNA molecules is used to make mRNA.

40
Q

variation

A
41
Q

vertibretes

A

Animal with bones, such as humans.

42
Q

zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell.

Edexcel Sciences (50 decks)

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