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biology gcse > sb5 > Flashcards

sb5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between a communicable and non communicable disease?

A

A communicable disease can be spread from person to person while a non communicable one can’t

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2
Q

Describe cholera

A
  • spread by a bacteria
  • causes diarrhoea
  • spread in water
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3
Q

Describe tuberculosis

A
  • spread by bacteria
  • causes lung damage
  • it is airborne
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4
Q

Describe chalara ash dieback

A
  • caused by fungi
  • causes lead loss and bark lesions
  • airborne
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5
Q

Describe malaria

A
  • caused by protists
  • causes damage to blood/liver
  • spread by a mosquito vector
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6
Q

Describe HIV

A
  • caused by a virus
  • destroys white blood cells which leads to AIDS
  • spread by body fluids
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7
Q

Describe stomach ulcers

A
  • caused by bacteria
  • internal bleeding
  • oral transmission
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8
Q

Describe ebola

A
  • caused by virus
  • causes fever with severe bleeding
  • spread by body fluids
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9
Q

Describe the lytic pathway of viruses

A
  1. Virus binds to host cells
  2. Inserts genetic material into host cells
  3. Uses the cell machinery to produce viral proteins
  4. Viruses exit the cell through host cell membrane OR causes lysis of the host cell
  5. Virus particles leave the host
  6. Allows spread to another host and repeats
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10
Q

Describe the lysogenic pathway of a virus

A
  1. Uses restriction enzymes to insert its DNA into the host DNA
  2. Host cell replicates and viral DNA is also copied
  3. Lytic cycle begins at this point
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11
Q

What are some physical barriers of plants against pathogens?

A
  1. Thick cellulose cell wall:
    —> impermeable to pathogens not allowing it to come inside
  2. Thick waxy cuticles:
    —> acts as a barrier to pathogens
  3. Closes their stomata:
    —> stops pathogens entering plant
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12
Q

What are some chemical barriers of plants against pathogens?

A

Releases compounds that attract larger insects to feed on pests
*** we can extract antimicrobal compounds from these plants to use in drugs such as antibiotics

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13
Q

How can plant diseases be detected in the field?

A
  • chalara ash dieback causes browning of leaves
  • aphids can cause structural damage
  • bacterial canker causes loss of leaves
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14
Q

How can plant diseases be detected in the lab?

A
  1. Cuttings taken from diseased plant
  2. Virus/bacteria causing disease is grown on agar plate
  3. Pathogen tested and identified using monoclonal antibody testing kit
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15
Q

What are some physical barriers human have?

A
  1. Mucus
    —> traps bacteria before they reach the lungs
  2. Cilia
    —> wafts away mucus that has trapped pathogens to be killed by stomach acid
  3. Skin
    —> provides a physical barrier from pathogens
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16
Q

What are some chemical barriers humans have?

A
  1. Lysozymes
    —> used by white blood cells to kill and digest bacteria
  2. Hydrochloric acid
    —> used to kill bacteria in stomach due to pH
17
Q

How does the immune system defend the body against disease?

A
  1. Antigens are on the bacteria which get detected by phagocytes
  2. Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes
  3. Antibodies surround pathogens and kill them
  4. Memory lymphocytes are produced which remain in the blood
  5. If a secondary infection occurs, the memory lymphocytes will produce antibodies faster
  6. Pathogens destroyed faster next time
18
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of immunisation?

A

Advantages —

  • epidemics can be prevented through herd immunity
  • eradicated many diseases such as smallpox

Disadvantages —

  • not always effective in providing immunity
  • bad reactions can occur in response to vaccines
19
Q

Why can antibiotics only treat bacterial infections?

A

They inhibit cell processes in bacterium but not host organism

20
Q

Why are Petri dishes sterilised using an autoclave?

A
  • otherwise could be contaminated with unwanted microorganisms
  • can potentially produce a new pathogen
21
Q

Why are inoculating loops sterilised by passing them through a flame?

A

Kills unwanted organisms

22
Q

Why should the lid of the Petri dish be sealed but not completely?

A
  • stops airborne microorganisms from contaminating
  • should not be sealed all the way as harmful anaerobic bacteria can grow
23
Q

What is the independent variable in the sb5 core practical?

A

type of antibiotic used

24
Q

What is the dependant variable in the sb5 core practical?

A

The zone of inhibition (cross-sectional area)

25
Q

What is the control variable of the core practical in sb5?

A

time period bacteria were incubated for

control variables increase the validity of the experiment and allows it to be compared

26
Q

What’s the control experiment for the core practical?

A

Disk containing only water and no antibiotic

27
Q

How do you increase the reliability of results from the core practical?

A
  • repeating experiments
  • calculating a mean
  • identifying anomalies
28
Q

What are the processes of developing new medicines?

A
  1. Discovery
  2. Development
  3. Preclinical and clinical testing
29
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. Scientists obtain lymphocytes from a rodent
  2. Fused with myeloma cells
  3. hybridoma produced
  4. Hybridoma divides to produce antibody
30
Q

What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

PREGNANCY TESTING —

  1. First section has mobile antibodies complimentary to hCG hormones —> attached to blue beads
  2. Second section has stationary antibodies complimentary to hCG hormones
  3. Person urinates on first section — hCG binds to mobile antibody to form hCG complex and is carried to the second section
  4. Stationary antibodies bind with hCG complex
  5. Both bound to blue beads which results in a straight blue line indicating you are pregnant

CANCER TREATMENT —
Three ways:

  1. Monoclonal antibodies bind to tumour markers to attack cell
  2. Monoclonal antibodies bind to receptor sites on cancer cells and stops cells from dividing
  3. Monoclonal antibodies can only bind to cancer cells
31
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Advantages —

  1. Only bind to specific cells so healthy ones not affected
  2. Can treat many different conditions

Disadvantages —

  1. Expensive to develop
  2. Can trigger immune responses when used in humans
32
Q

How can people be affected by both gonorrhoea and chlamydia?

A
  • they are both STIs and spread in the same way
  • when an individual doesn’t use contraception
33
Q

how can fungus spread from plant to plant?

A
  • leaves through spores
  • spread from water droplets
  • enters through stomata
34
Q

how does a gastric band help a person to lose weight?

A
  • reduces volume of stomach
  • reduces food intake

biology gcse (9 decks)

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