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biology gcse > sb1 > Flashcards

sb1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some adaptations of sperm cells?

A
  1. Many mitrochondria
    —> releases energy from respiration for swimming
  2. Acrosome
    —> have digestive enzymes which break down outer layers of membrane on egg cell
  3. Tail
    —> supports in swimming
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2
Q

How would you prepare a microscope slide to view under a light microscope?

A
  1. Use thin section of cell
  2. Add a stain
  3. Place a cover slip ontop of sample
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3
Q

How are electron microscopes better?

A
  • higher magnification/resolution
  • sample more visible
  • sub-cellular structures more visible
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4
Q

How do you use a light microscope?

A
  1. place slide on stage and look through eyepiece lens
  2. turn focus wheel for a clear image
  3. Start with lowest objective lens magnification
  4. increase magnification and refocus
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5
Q

what is the function of plasmids in the bacteria?

A
  • small rings of DNA
  • code for extra genes alongside those provided by chromosomal DNA
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6
Q

how are egg cells adapted?

A
  1. special cell membrane
    —> accepts one sperm and then becomes impermeable
  2. cytoplasm
    —> allows quick, repeated division
  3. haploid nucleus
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7
Q

what adaptations do ciliated epithilial cells have?

A
  1. cilia
    —> waft mucus down to stomach, where they are killed by stomach acid
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8
Q

what are some adaptations of root hair cells?

A
  1. large surface area
    —> more water can move in by osmosis
  2. mitochondria
    —> provide energy for active transport of mineral ions
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9
Q

how would you use specimens with a light microscope?

A
  1. take a thin layer of cells
  2. add a small amount of a stain
  3. apply cells to your glass slide by placing them on
  4. lower a coverslip onto the slide
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10
Q

what is the independent variable in the pH and enzyme core practical?

A

the pH solutions

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11
Q

what is the dependant variable in the pH and enzyme core practical?

A

time taken for reaction to occur

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12
Q

what is the control variable in the pH and enzyme core practical?

A
  • temperature
  • volume of solutions used
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13
Q

what is the control experiment for the enzyme pH core practical?

A

same apparatus but tube set up without enzyme

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14
Q

what does amylase break down?

A

starch ——> simple sugars

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15
Q

what do proteases break down?

A

proteins ——> amino acids

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16
Q

what do lipases break down?

A

lipids (fats) ——> fatty acids

17
Q

how would you test for reducing sugars?

A
  • mix powdered food with** water**
  • add benedict’s solution
  • keep in hot water bath
  • green = little sugar
  • orange = more reducing sugars
  • red = a lot of reducing sugars
18
Q

how would you test for protein?

A
  • mix powdered food with water
  • add potassium hydroxide
  • add two drops of copper sulfate
  • will go from blue to purple
  • more purple = more protein
19
Q

how would you test for lipids?

A
  • add ethanol to powdered food
  • shake
  • pour liquid into a test tube filled with water
  • will go from clear to cloudy if lipids are present
20
Q

how can you measure amount of energy in food using calomitery?

A
  1. put bunsen burner under cold water
  2. burn the food in the bunsen burner
  3. energy from food transferred to thermal energy
  4. change of temperature of water = amount of energy transferred
21
Q

what is the equation to find energy per gram of food?

A

energy = mWater (g) * 4.2 * temp rise
————————————-
mass of food (g)

22
Q

what is the independant variable in the calomitery experiement?

A

type of food

23
Q

what is the dependant variable in the calomitery experiment?

A

energy released per gram of food

24
Q

what are some control variables in the calorimitery experiment?

A
  • volume of water
  • distance between burning food and calorimeter
  • point food is burned to
25
Q

what is the independent variable in the osmosis practical?

A

concentration of sucrose solution

26
Q

what is the dependant variable in the osmosis practical?

A

percentage change in mass of potato

27
Q

what is the control variable in the osmosis practical?

A
  • amount of moisture on outside of potato strips as they were dried
  • time they were kept in solution for
  • type of potato

biology gcse (9 decks)

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