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FDN3 Minnie > SAS/Review > Flashcards

SAS/Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important consideration when interpreting a positive IgM for pertussis?

(Ex: What could cause an inaccurate test result?)

A

If the patient was recently immunized with acellular pertussis vaccine, they may have a positive IgM test result without actually having the illness

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2
Q

If an infant has a pertussis infection, what laboratory findings would you expect to find 4 weeks after the start of symptoms

IgM: (positive or negative)

IgG: (positive or negative)

A

4 weeks after the start of symptoms…

IgM = positive

IgG = positive

IgM is present at the beginning of a new infection. 4 weeks is long enough for class switching to have occured to produce IgG as well

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3
Q

Bacteria X has a very short incubation period.

Assuming serology and PCR can both detect the presence of Bacteria X, which test will provide results soonest after the onset of symptoms?

A

PCR (from sputum or pus sample)

Serology studies examine antibody production, so the immune response must be fully functional for results to be accurate

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4
Q

Which T-cell subset is most important in driving the increased production of IgG and IgA antibodies in response to a pertussis infection?

A

CD4+ Th2 Helper T-cells

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5
Q

Your body has lots of IgA floating around in it right now

Compare the affinity of IgA for B. pertussis produced by a plasma cell after infection with the affinity of IgM on a naive B-cell before infection

Explain.

A

The IgA produced by the plasma cells after a B. pertussis infection is most likely has a higher affinity than the original IgM produced by a naive B cell

The original IgM has some affinity for B. pertussis.

Upon infection, Th2 CD4+ helper T-cells are activated by APCs (Bind antigen on MHC II, CD40:CD40L interaction) to form a germinal center and release cytokines

  • This promotes both class switching from IgM -> IgA and somatic hypermutation
    • Somatic hypermutation and selection by folicular dendritic cells will select for the IgA antibodies with the highest affinity for B. pertussis antigen
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6
Q

What is the principle reason to treat B. pertussis with antibiotics?

A

To limit the risk of secondary spread

Antibiotic treatment does not greatly affect the course of the disease for the infected individual

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7
Q

Compare the locations of primary and reactivation tuberculosis

A

Primary typically takes hold in the mid/lower lobe

Reactivation TB typically occurs in the apex of the lung

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8
Q

Which test for tuberculosis will tell you if an individual has a latent infection?

a) Tuberculin skin test
b) Interferon-gamma release assay
c) Nucleic acid amplification
d) Solid media
e) Liquid broth

A

a) Tuberculin skin test - But may cross react if the patient had any mycoplasm infection or the BCG vaccine

b) Interferon-gamma release assay

c) Nucleic acid amplification
d) Solid media
e) Liquid broth

Both answers in bold are correct

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9
Q

Which test for tuberculosis will most rapidly confirm a diagnosis of an active TB infection?

a) Tuberculin skin test
b) Interferon-gamma release assay
c) Nucleic acid amplification
d) Solid media
e) Liquid broth

A
  • a) Tuberculin skin test
    • 48-72 hours
    • Will tell you if exposed not necessarily if infection is active
  • b) Interferon-gamma release assay
    • 24-48h
    • Indicates immune response, but not necessarily active infection
  • c) Nucleic acid amplification <- this one!
    • ​Results in 1-2 hours
  • d) Solid media
    • Weeks
  • e) Liquid broth
    • Weeks
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10
Q

Which cells are most critical in controlling the growth of M. tuberculosis?

A

CD4+ Th1 Helper T-cells

(Combat intracellular pathogens; in the case of MTB, they mediate the granulomatous response)

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11
Q

A patient who does not have an active infection are concerned about possible exposure to M. tuberculosis.

Which test is recommended? When?

A
  • Interferon gamma release assay two months after last suspected contact
    • Testing sooner may give a false negative
  • Tuberculin skin test
    • False positive is more likely (test has low specificity)
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12
Q

A 5 year-old boy presents with a fever, knee pain, and this rash

Which encapsulated, gram-negative diplococcus is the likely cause of this infection?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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13
Q

Which test tube represents the growth of E. coli**?

A

Test tube 3

E. coli is an facultative aerobe; it can grow near the top of the liquid near the oxygen, but it can also survive without it and grow everywhere

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14
Q

Which test tube represents the growth of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Test tube 1

Neisseria meningitidis is an obligate aerobe; will need oxygen, which is located near the surface of the liquid

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15
Q

Increased susceptibility to Neisseria is asosciated with deficiencies in which components of the immune system?

A

Complement proteins from C5-C9; deficiencies of these complement proteins prevent the formation of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) (via the classic pathway) that is required to kill neisseria

Deficiencies in Factor D and properdin, required for the alternate complement pathway, also result in increased risk of Neisserial infections

Infections are likely to be recurrent and invasive

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16
Q

52 year old Hatian immigrant presents with fever, profuse sweating, labile hypertension, tachycardia, and facial spasms. Loud noises cause him to contrort his body in muscle spasms.

What is the likely causative agent of his symptoms?

A

Clostridium tetani

He has tetanus

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17
Q

A patient who immigrated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo last year presents with a tetanus infection.

Which treatment should be given immediately?

A

Injection of tetanus immunoglobulin to confer passive immunity to the patient

  • Works rapidly (faster than Tdap vaccine)

(Tdap vaccine should be given to prevent subsequent infection)

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18
Q

22 yo presents with sudden onset of bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps. He treats himself with some ciprofloxacin he has left over from a trip to Mexico. The diarrhea improves but he becomes more ill with cramping in his lower back, bloody urine and severe fatigue. On presentation to the ED, he is found to have anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. What is the cause of his illness?

A

Shiga-like toxin, produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

  • Associated with travel to Mexico
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19
Q

A patient presents with blurry vision, trouble swallowing and speaking, and labored breathing.

Which of the following toxins might be causing her symptoms?

A. Staphylococcal enterotoxin

B. Botulinum toxin

C. Tetanus toxin

D. Diphtheria toxin

A

B. Botulinum toxin

Symptoms are associated with flaccid paralysis

(Would be an even stronger connection if people who had eaten the same poorly canned food all presented together)

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20
Q

Which bacteria secrete Shiga-like toxin?

What is the effect of the toxin?

A

EHEC - Patients present with bloody diarrhea

Shiga-like toxin binds to globotriaosyceramide (BG3) in kidney and CNS

It inhibits the 60S unit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death

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21
Q

Which cells in the body does tetanus toxin bind to?

What is the effect?

A

Tetanus toxin binds to presynaptic inhibitory motor nerve endings (Renshaw cells) to block the release of GABA and glycine (inhibitory neurotransmitters)

The result is constant muscle contraction; lockjaw, muscle spasm

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22
Q

Which cells in the body does botulinum toxin bind to?

What is the effect?

A

Botulinum toxin binds to presynaptic motor end plates, preventing ACh release

The result is flaccid paralysis (Blurry vision, impaired swallowing/speaking, may lead to difficulty breathing)

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23
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of diphtheria toxin.

What is the effect on patients?

A

Diphtheria toxin ADP-ribosylates EF-2, inhibiting protein synthesis

This leads to cell necrosis and pseudomembrane formation in the oropharynx, palate, nasopharynx, nose, and larynx; patients will present with sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and rhinorrhea

Most often seen in children or immigrants who were not vaccinated

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24
Q

Which assay would be most useful to evaluate for the presence of HIV antigens and antibodies

A

Combination ELISA (aka immunoassay); can test for both antigens andtibodies at the same time

Nephelometry can do both, but not at the same time

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25
Q

A patient presents with 3 days of painful rash (shown below) that is isolated on his right buttock and thigh

He is not taking any medications and reports no allergies

What is the most likely cause of this rash?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

  • Isolated; does not cross midline
  • Painful
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26
Q

You are treating a 35 year old patient with shingles.

What illness did this patient likely have as a child?

What is unusual or concerning about this presentation?

A

The patient likely had chicken pox (Varicella zoster virus) as a child; shingles is a reactivation of VZV

The presentation of shingles in this patient is concerning because they are young; VZV usually re-activates when the patient’s T-cell function is less than optimal, which happens naturally with age.

Because the patient is young, we might suspect a pathology that is suppressing the function of T-cells

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27
Q

Which test would be most useful to determine a patient’s CD4+ T-cell count?

A

Flow cytometry

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28
Q

Which patients should not recieve vaccines for MMR, smallpox, and chickenpox?

A

Patients who are immunosuppressed;

These vaccines are all live, attenuated virus vaccines; they are likely to cause illness in anyone who is immunosuppressed

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29
Q

Which rashe is typically only found in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS?

A

HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

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30
Q

Which agent is used to treat pneumocystosis?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Although pneumocystis is a fungus, it must be treated wtih trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; other anti-fungal agents won’t work

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31
Q

What is the only fungus that should be treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

A

Pneumocystosis

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32
Q

What is the rationalle for recommending combination anti-retroviral therapy?

A

The RNA-directed DNA-polymerase that copies the HIV genome from RNA->DNA is error prone

Mutations arise that demand broader, more comprehensive coverage to kill the different strains of HIV that may arise in a single patient; this prevents resistance to antiretroviral therapy

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33
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis may have a hereditary basis due to the inheritance of MHC class II alleles.

The involvement of MHC class II suggests that ___________ cells are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

A

The involvement of MHC class II suggests that CD4+ helper T-cells cells are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

CD4+ helper T-cells recognize antigen on MHC II

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34
Q

A new patient in your clinic presents with the following rash. He is a 43 year old male who reports unprotected sexual contact with other men since he became sexually active 20 years ago. He has not seen a doctor in the last 15 years.

What is the most concerning diagnosis for this rash?

How would you confirm your diagnosis?

How would you evaluate progression of the diagnosis?

A

Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8); this is concerning because it typically only appears in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS

Confirm diagnosis with HIV antibody/antigen ELISA

Evaluate progression with T-cell count using flow cytometry

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35
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Colon

(The cirles are Peyer’s patches?)

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36
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Thymus

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37
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Spleen

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38
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Lymph node

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39
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Tonsil

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40
Q

Peripheral CD4+ T-cell tolerance occurs in which of the following tissues?

A

A - Colon

B - Lymph node

C - Tonsil

D - Spleen

Peripheral tolerance occurs in secondary lymphoid tissues; T-cells that react with antigen in the absence of co-stimulation (ex: self antigen) in the peripheral immune tissues become anergic to that specific antigen

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41
Q

Central CD4+ T-cell tolerance occurs in which of the following tissues?

A

E - the thymus

Central tolerance occurs in thymus through negative selection; T-cells with high affinity for self peptides presented by MHC undergo apoptosis or become TRegs

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42
Q

How can environmental stimuli drive loss of peripheral T-cell tolereance?

A

Environmental stimuli may induce co-stimulatory molecules on APCs when the APC is presenting a self-antigen

This will cause the T-cells to become active against a self-antigen, thus compromising peripheral tolerance

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43
Q

Which statement is true regarding immune tolerance?

A. T regulatory cells mediate antigen-specific tolerance

B. T cells can become self-reactive during somatic hypermutation in the germinal center

C. T cells undergo receptor editing in the thymus

D. B cells are positively selected in the bone marrow

A

A. T regulatory cells mediate antigen-specific tolerance

(T cells do not undergo somatic hypermutation or receptor editing; B cells only undergo negative selection)

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44
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the fomation of immune complexes?

A

Type III

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45
Q

What is the main cell type involved in Type I hypersensitivity?

What are the major antibodies?

A

Mast cells

IgE

(Type I = immediate/anaphylactic reaction)

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46
Q

What is the main cell type involved in Type II hypersensitivity?

What are the major antibodies?

A

CD8+ T cells, NK cells, Neutrophils

IgG, IgM (Cellular or matrix antigen; not free-floating)

(Type II = cytotoxic/antibody-mediated)

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47
Q

What is the main cell type involved in Type III hypersensitivity?

What are the major antibodies?

A

Neutrophils

IgG (soluble antigen)

(Type III = immune complex-mediated)

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48
Q

What is the main cell type involved in Type IV hypersensitivity?

What are the major antibodies?

A

CD4+ Th1 helper T-cells, macrophages

No antibodies!

(Type IV = delayed-type hypersensitivity)

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49
Q

A patient taking corticosteroids develops these white patches in her mouth

What organism is causing these patches?

A

Candida albicans (aka thrush)

Patients with T-cell suppression (due to steriod treatment or HIV) are more susceptible to mucosal candida

Patients with neutrophil defects (chemotherapy, inherited) are more susceptibel to invasive candida

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50
Q

A patient with an invasive candida infection likley has defects in which immune cells?

A

Neutrophils

(Defects in T-cells predispose the patient to mucosal candida)

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51
Q

Which component of the immune system is particularly important in fighting fungal infections?

A
  • Th17 CD4+ helper T cells
    • Secrete IL-17 -> Promote neutrophilic inflammation
    • Respond to extracellular pathogens (like fungus)
  • IgA
    • Can dimerize and cross epithelium of the gut; fight the organism before it even enters the cells of the body
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52
Q

Which cells express CTLA-4?

What does CTLA-4 do in the body?

A

TRegs express CTLA-4

B7 on APCs binds CTLA-4

  • This blocks costimulation by blocking CD-28 on T-cells from binding to B7
    • This dampens the Th2 CD4+ T cell response, thus inhibiting IL-2 secretion
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53
Q

For which clinical diseases would you prescribe CTLA-4?

Why?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (or other diseases in which you want to suppress the Th2 CD4+ T cell response)

CTLA-4 binds B7 (CD80/CD86); this prevents the T-cell’s CD28 from binding to B7, blocking the costimulatory signal

This decreases the Th2 T-cell response

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54
Q

What is Cell C?

A

A neutrophil

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55
Q

What is Cell B?

A

A mast cell or a basophil

(Both are granulated; basophils leave the bone marrow already mature, mast cells mature when they reach their tissue home)

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56
Q

Which cell is a lymphocyte?

A

A - could be a B-cell or a T-cell

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57
Q

A patient has a history of recurrent infections, many of which are pyogenic and/or granulomatous

Notable organisms include serratia marcescens and staph. aureus

Defects in which immune cells are suspected?

A

Neutrophils;

This pattern is indicative of a failure to kill organisms that have been phagocytosed;

  • A defect in NAPDH oxidase would result in persistent, abscess forming infections, especially from catalase (+) organisms
    • Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, preventing the formation of hypochlorite ion; an oxidative burst is needed to kill them
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58
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a complement defect?

A

Infections with encapsulated bacteria

(S. penumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis)

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59
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a defect in humoral immunity?

A

Recurrent sepsis, sinopulmonary disease

(S. pneumoniae, S. aureus)

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60
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a defect in T cells?

A
  • Persistent thrush
  • Sinopulmonary infections
  • Skin or soft tissue infections
  • Chronic diarrhea

(Candida albicans, S. aureus, Pneumocystis, Herpes simplex viruses)

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61
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a neutrophil defect?

A

Abscesses of skin, soft tissue lymph nodes, bone, and liver

(S. aureus, Klebsiella spp)

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62
Q

What pathogens are implicated in chronic granulomatous disease?

Which immune cells might be defective?

A

Bacteria (LESS BurgerKiNg)

  • Listeria
  • E. coli
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Serratia marcescens
  • Burkholderia cepacia
  • Klebsiella
  • Nocardia

Fungi (AC)

  • Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Candida
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63
Q

How do capsules contriubute to the virulence of some bacteria?

A

Block phagocytosis

Prevent against dessication

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64
Q

List some of the relevant encapsulated organisms

A

SCHENK-PB

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • E. coli (some)
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Bacillus antrhacis
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65
Q

Stimulation of adenylate cyclase or guanylate cyclase in the GI tract is likely to cause what symptom?

Which organisms do this?

A

Diarrhea

ETEC: Enterotoxigenic E. Coli, resulting in traveller’s diarrhea

LT stimulates cAMP

ST stimulates cGMP

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66
Q

List the relevant faculative intracellular pathogens

A

Your Best Best Friend for Life moved to Salt Lake City, Not NewHampshire, to chaseMormonMen

(But they chose to move there and can move back any time, hence facultative)

  • Yersinia
  • Bartonella
  • Brucella
  • Francisella
  • Listeria
  • Salmonella
  • Legionella
  • Cryptococcus
  • Nocardia
  • Neisseria
  • Histoplasma
  • Mycobacterium
  • Mycoplasm
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67
Q

List the relevant obligate intracellular pathogens

A
  • Viruses

Bacteria/Fungi: Really, Check your Cox My People (it’s an obligation)

  • Rickettsia
  • Chlamydia
  • Coxiella
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • Pneumocystis

Parasites - Toxic Toilet Paper = LeManiacsCrying
(they can’t stop, they have to cry)

  • Toxoplasma
  • Trypanosoma
  • Plasmodium
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Leishmania
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68
Q

What are the risk factors for toxoplama lymphadenititis?

A

Eating undercooked meat (especially lamb)

Contact with cat litter

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69
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting MRSA?

A

Close contact with an infected person

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70
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting a Neisseria infection?

A

Close contact with an infected person

(Meningitis or gonorrhea)

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71
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting a Treponema infection?

A

Close contact with an infected person

(Syphillis)

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72
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting a Listeria infection?

A

Unpasteurized dairy, improperly processed deli meats

(Fever and diarrhea, worst for pregnant women)

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73
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting Clostridium tetani?

A

Soil-contaminated wound

(Tetanus: stiff/rigid paralysis)

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74
Q

What are the major risk factors for Clostridium botulium infection?

A

Home-canned foods (everyone; spores germinate in the can)

Honey (babies; the spores can germinate in the baby)

Causes flaccid paralysis

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75
Q

What is the major risk factor for Tularemia?

A

Rabbit exposure or tick bite -> transmission of Francisella tularensis

Causes skin ulcer (granuloma) at site of bite; swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, fatigue

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76
Q

What is the major risk factor for Brucella infection?

A

Unpasteurized dairy products

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77
Q

What is the major risk factor for Pasteurella infection?

A

Cat or dog bite

(Skin + soft tissue infection)

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78
Q

What is the major risk factor for Coxiella infection?

A

Exposure to pregnant/birthing sheep

Tick bite

(Causes Q fever: Fever, headache, no rash)

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79
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting Leptospirosis?

A

Leptosporisis is caused by Leptospira interrogans

Transmitted in urine from infected animals (rats and mice)

Causes fever, jaundice, vomiting, general sickness. May cause meningitis

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80
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting Vibrio?

A

Contaminated water, raw shellfish

Vibrio cholerae -> Cholera

(Watery diarrhea, rice-water stools)

81
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting Borrelia?

A

Tick bite -> Lyme disease

Louse bite -> Relapsing fever

82
Q

What is the major risk factor for contracting Rickettsia?

A

Tick bite

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, African tick bite fever, louse bite (typhus), chigger bite (scrub typhus)

83
Q

Which bacteria causes a painless, blackened eschar surrounded by edema?

Which agent secreted by this bacteria causes eschar formation?

A

Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, which presents with a painless blackened eschar surrounded by edema

Toxin: anthrax toxin, a 3-part toxin: Edema factor (EF), Lethal Factor (LF), Protective antigen (PA)

  • EF has adenylate cyclase activity wich increases intracellular cAMP, leading to edema
    • Inhibits neutrophil phagocytosis
  • LF is a protease that cleaves host-cell MAP-Kinase
    • Causes tissue necrosis and eschar formation
  • PA is the “protective subunit”
    • Basically functions as the B subunit of an A-B toxin
    • EF and LF function as A subunits
84
Q

Describe the structure and action of diphtheria toxin

A

A/B toxin

Blocks protein synthesis, induces cell lysis

-> Thick pseudomembrane that covers the back of the throat

85
Q

Describe the structure and action of pertussis toxin

A

A/B toxin

Blocks inhibition of adenylate cyclases -> Increase in cAMP -> interferes with intracellular signaling

Pertussis = whooping couch

86
Q

What kind of hemolysis is this?

Which organisms exhibit this hemolysis pattern?

A

Alpha-hemolysis (greenish color, partial lysis of RBCs)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Viridans stretococci (S. mitis, S. mutans)

87
Q

What kind of hemolysis is this?

Which organisms exhibit this pattern?

A

Beta hemolysis (complete lysis of RBCs)

Group A strep = S. pyogenes

Group B strep = S. agalactiae

88
Q

What kind of hemolysis is this?

Which organism exhibits this pattern?

A

Gamma hemolysis = no hemolysis

Enterococcus faecalis

89
Q

Which organisms form pink colonies on MacConkey agar?

Why?

A

Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia and some Enterobacter

They can ferment lactose

All of the above are also oxidase negative

90
Q

What does it mean if an organism is oxidase positive?

Which organisms are oxidase positive?

A

Oxidase positive = has cytochrome C in cell membrane = all are aerobic (either strict or facultative)

  • Pasteurella
  • Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
  • Campylobacter
  • Vibrio
  • Helicobacter
  • Neisseria
91
Q

Which gram-negative bacilli can tolerate oxygen and ferment glucose?

Which can also ferment lactose?

A

Oxidase positive (OP = AP)

  • Aeromonas
  • Pasteurella

Oxidase negative

  • Can also ferment lactose = SEEK
    • Serratia
    • E. coli
    • Enterobacter
    • Klebsiella
  • Cannot ferment lactose = PiSSY
    • Proteus
    • Salmonella
    • Shigella
    • Yersinia
92
Q

Which gram-negative bacilli can tolerate oxygen, but cannot ferment glucose or lactose?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Oxidase +)

Acinetobacter (Oxidase -)

93
Q

Which antibiotic binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of the peptide chain inhibiting cell wall synthesis?

A

Vancomycin

94
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit cell wall formation?

A

Beta-lactams

  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems
  • Monobactams (Aztreonam)

Glycopeptides

  • Vancomycin

Lipopeptides

  • Daptomycin
95
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A
  • Macrolides (50S)
  • Lincosamides (50S)
  • Oxazolidinones (23S RNA of 50S Ribosome)
  • Tetracyclines (30S)
  • Aminoglycosides (30S)
96
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase?

A
  • Fluroquinolones (-floxacin)
97
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit folate synthesis?

A
  • Sulfonamides (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
98
Q

Which pharmacokinetic parameter governs time-dependent antibiotics?

Which antibiotics are time-dependent?

A

T > MIC (AUC/MIC if T > MIC is not a choice)

All beta lactams

Linezolid

99
Q

Which pharmacokinetic parameter governs concentration-dependent antibiotics?

A

Cmax/MIC

Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones

100
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance to semi-synthetic penicillins in MRSA?

A

MRSA has PBP-2A, an alternative penicillin-binding protein

Penicllins cannot bind to PBP-2A; beta-lactamse inhibitors will not help to overcome this resistance

101
Q

What kind pathogen cause colitis with “owl eye inclusions” in patients who are immunosuppressed?

A

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)

This is a double-stranded DNA virus (like all herpesviruses)

102
Q

How can retroviruses be distinguished from other RNA viruses?

A

They are transcribed by a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

The carry their own viral integrase to insert the DNA into the human genome

103
Q

A virus is translated immediately upon entry into the host cell.

What can you deduce about its nucleic acid?

A

It is ss(+) RNA

104
Q

Which of the following infections is not transmitted by insect bite?

A. Coxiella burnetii

B. Zika virus

C. Chikungunya virus

D. Ebola virus

E. Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Zika

105
Q

What kind of animal causes this characteristic bulls-eye?

What disese is it associated with?

A

Ticks

Lyme disease (specifically Ixodes, the black-legged tick)

106
Q

What is the vector of disease for malaria infection?

A

Anopheles (mosquito)

107
Q

What diseases can be acquired from the Aedes mosquito?

A

Dengue

Zika

Chikungunya

Yellow fever

108
Q

Which diseases can be acquired from the culex mosquito?

A

West Nile Virus

Filariasis

109
Q

Which disease can be acquired from Triatoma aka Reduviid aka the kissing bug?

A

American trypanosomiasis (T. cruzi)

110
Q

Which disease is carried by the tsetse fly (Glossina)?

A

African sleeping sickness (T. brucei)

111
Q

What is the vector of yersinia pestis transmission?

A

Oriental rat flea

(yersinia pestis causes the plague)

112
Q

Ixodes, the black legged tick, is the vector for which diseases?

A

Lyme disease

Anaplasmosis

113
Q

What is the vector for transmission of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Dog tick (Dermacentor) carries Rickettsia ricketsii, the causative agent of RMSF

114
Q

Which of the following protozoa is
non-pathogenic in humans?

A. Entamoeba coli

B. Toxoplasma gondii

C. Trypanosoma cruzi

D. Plasmodium knowlesi

E. Giardia lamblia

A

A. Entamoeba coli

115
Q

Infection with which of the following is NOT associated with exposure to contaminated water?

A. Schistosoma mansoni

B. Legionella pneumophila

C. Ancylostoma duodenale

D. Vibrio parahemolyticus

E. Hepatitis E virus

A

C. Ancylostoma duodenale (a hook worm)

116
Q

List the waterborne bacterial pathogens

A

SEALS are Very Cute Mammal Leopards

(Seals live in water and leopard seals are a thing)

  • Shigella
  • E. coli
  • Aeromonas
  • Legionella
  • Salmonella
    ​
  • Vibrio
  • Campylobacter
  • Mycobacterium marinum
  • Leptospirosis
117
Q

List the waterborne viruses

A
  • Hepatitis A
  • Hepatitis E
  • Norovirus
  • Adenovirus
118
Q

List the waterborn parasites

A

GEN-CS (General Seas… even though some are from freshwater)

  • Giardia
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Naegleria fowleri
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Schistosomiasis
119
Q

An otherwise healthy 52-year-old man presents with a RML pneumonia unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. Lung biopsy is shown. Which fungus is most likely the cause of his pneumonia?

A

Coccidioides immitis

(Could also be histoplasma casulatum, but more likely coccidioides becasue of size)

Coccidioides immitis, histoplasma casulatum, and blastomyces dermatitidis are the fungi most likey to affect healthy people. Look for broad-based budding yeast in blastomyces.

120
Q

Which fungus is most likely to cause meningitis?

A

Cryptococcus

121
Q

Which fungi are associated with pneumonia?

A

* = Fungi that can infect healthy people (others typically infect immunocompromised)

  • Histoplasma*
  • Blastomyces*
  • Coccidioides*
  • Aspergillus
  • Pneumocystis
  • agents of mucormycosis
122
Q

What is the difference in the microscopic appearance of c**andida and blastomyces?

A
  • Candida* = narrow budding yeast
  • Blastomyces* = broad-based budding yeast
123
Q

What is the difference in the microscipic appearance of Aspergillus and Mucor?

A
  • Aspergillus* = septate hyphae, acute angle branching
  • Mucor* = Broad, non-septate hyphae, right angle branching
124
Q

27-year-old woman presents with fever and chills 8 weeks after returning from India. Her blood smear is shown. What infection does she have?

A. Plasmodium falciparum

B. Plasmodium vivax

C. Trypanosoma cruzi

D. Leishmania donovani

A

B. Plasmodium vivax

  • P. falciparum* would infect a higher percentate of RBCs
  • Trypanosoma* would be in its wiggly form (trypomastigote) in the blood
  • Leishmania* don’t live in the blood
125
Q

26-year-old woman returns from a safari vacation in Tanzania with fever and body aches. She received no vaccines prior to her trip and did not take malaria prophylaxis. Her blood smear is shown. What infection does she have?

A. Plasmodium falciparum

B. Plasmodium vivax

C. Trypanosoma cruzi

D. Leishmania donovani

A

A. Plasmodium falciparum

Infects many RBCs, causes clumping of RBCs

  • P. vivax* does not cause clumping, infects <2% of RBCs (reticulocytes only)
  • Trypanosoma* would be in its wiggly form (trypomastigote) in the blood
  • Leishmania* don’t live in the blood
126
Q

Which of the following parasitic infections is transmitted via penetration of intact skin by cercariae?

A

Shistosoma

(S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium)

127
Q

Intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi parasites in myocardium are called…

A

Amastigotes

  • Trophomastigotes are in human blood
  • Epimastigotes and promastigotes are in the reduviid bug (kissing bug)
128
Q

What is the human bloodstream life cycle form of Malaria?

A

Merozoite

129
Q

What is the human bloodstream life cycle form of Leishmania?

A

Promastigote

130
Q

What is the intracellular life cycle form of Trypanosoma?

A

Amastigote

131
Q

What are the human intracellular life cycle form of Malaria?

A

Trophozoite and Schiznot

132
Q

What life cycle form of the malaria parasite is transmitted to humans?

A

Sporozoite

133
Q

Which life cycle form of Schistosoma is transmitted to humans?

A

Cercariae swimming in water penetrate human skin

134
Q

Which life cycle form of Schistosoma is found in the human blood circulation?

A

Schistosomulae

135
Q

Where in the human body do Schistosoma mature?

A

The liver

136
Q

Which life cycle form of Schistosoma infects snails?

A

Miracida = newly hatched, penerate snail

Inside of snail, sporocysts replicate

Cercariae are released into fresh water

137
Q

List 4 antiparasitic drugs and their uses

A
  • Albendazole
    • Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Enterobiasis, Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, Hookworm
  • Ivermectin
    • Strongyloidiasis, Onchocerciasis
  • Praziquantel
    • Schistosomiasis, Taeniasis, Diphyllobothriasis
  • Metronidazole (or Tinidazole)
    • Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis
138
Q

A patient cuts his hand washing dishes and then rubs his nose with his hand. Staphylococcus aureus that were residing in his nose enter the wound. If this is the first exposure to Staphylococcus aureus, what is the first thing that will happen after the bacteria enter the wound?

A. B cells bind to the staphylococci via B cell receptors

B. Mast cells and APCs bind to the staphylococci via TLRs and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

C. T cells bind to the staphylococci via TCRs

D. Neutrophils bind to the staphylococci via TLRs and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

B. Mast cells and APCs bind to the staphylococci via TLRs and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Innate Immune system is fastest; neutrophils are in the tissues, not the bloodstream

139
Q

Which enzyme catalyzies the formation of the hypochlorite ion?

A

Myeloperoxidase

140
Q

Describe the respiratory burst.

Which cells are most important?

A

Oxygen-dependent killing

NADPH oxidays forms the superoxide radical (O2-)

Superoxide dismutase forms hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Myeloperoxidase forms the hypchlorite ion (CLO-)

Hypochlorite is the most effective killer of bacteria

141
Q

Which antibody is the best opsonizer?

A

IgG

142
Q

Which antibody is most effective at activating complement?

A

IgM

143
Q

Which complement proteins are involved in the MAC?

A

C5b - C9

Any deficiencies in the above will result in problems with formation of the MAC -> increased suseptibility to encapsulated bactera (like nesseria meningitidis), and other gram negative bacteria

144
Q

Which complement proteins activate mast cells?

A

C3a, C5a

145
Q

Which complement protein recruits neutrophils?

A

C5a

146
Q

Which complement protein is good at opsonizing bacteria?

A

C3b

147
Q

What is the major function of C9?

A

Participates in the MAC

148
Q

What does the MAC do?

A

Kills microbes directly

Especially gram negative bacteria

149
Q

Describe the immunity that is established by a polysaccharide vaccine

A

T-cell independent B-cell memory

  • Limited memory
  • Limited isotype switching
  • Mostly IgM response (Activates complement)
    *

(peptides are required to activate T-cells)

150
Q

Describe the immunity that is established by a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine

A

T-cell and B-cell involvement; congjucation to a peptide allows for activation of a T-cell response

  • Good long-term memory
  • Isotype switching (T-cell dependent B-cell response)
    • IgG, IgE, IgA involved
151
Q

A 29-year-old intravenous drug user has suf­fered from recurrent pneumonias, fungal infections in the axillae, and a recent ear in­fection. He now presents with a cough and painful swallowing. Physical examination re­veals a patchy, white oral lesion. Cells with which of the following markers are most likely to be deficient in this patient?

A. CD56

B. CD8

C. CD20

D. CD40

E. CD4

A

E. CD4

  • A 29 year old with recurrent fungal infections likley has HIV
  • HIV destroys CD4+ T-cells
152
Q

What are the symptoms of antibody deficiency?

A

Infection with pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae)

153
Q

What are the symptoms of C3b deficiency?

A

Infection with pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae)

154
Q

What are the symptoms of neutropenia?

A

Infection with pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae)

Fungal infections

155
Q

What is the presentation of decreased neutrophil function?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

Infection with catalase (+) organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, serratia)

Infection with aspergillus fumigatus

156
Q

Patients without a functional spleen are most susceptible to which infections?

A

Infection by encapuslated bacteria

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenza
  • Niesseria meningitidis
157
Q

What are the main differences in presentation of
T cell defects vs. B cell defects?

A

T cell defects

  • Life-threatening
  • Infection with intracellular organisms
    • Viruses
    • Opportunistic parasites (cryptosporidium)
    • Mycobacteria
    • Fungi (candida, pneumocystis)
    • Bactera - gram negative enteric

B cell defects

  • Upper and lower respiratory infections
  • Diarrhea
  • Cellulitis
  • Meningitis
  • Sepsis
  • Low antibodies -> Staph. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae
158
Q

What are the 3 major functions of antibodies?

A
  • Neutralize toxins and viruses
  • Opsonize bacteria
  • Activate complement
159
Q

Your 82 year old patient receives a shingles vaccine (live attenuated viral vaccine). Which of the following statements explains how he can generate a memory CD8+ T cell and memory B cell response against the viral antigens?

A. The viral peptides are present in both the ER and endosome/phagosome/lysosome compartments of the cell.

B. The viral peptides are produced only in the cytosol.

C. The viral peptides do not enter the cytosol.

D. The MHC class II proteins can be loaded with viral peptide in both the ER and the endosome/phagosome/lysosome compartment.

E.The MHC class II proteins can be loaded at the cell surface with viral peptides that are deposited there.

A

A. The viral peptides are present in both the ER and endosome/phagosome/lysosome compartments of the cell.

The vaccine in the bloodstream is uptaken by monocytes and other APCs into an endosome/phagosome/lysosome compartment

  • If the peptides escape the compartment -> Cytosol -> end up in the ER -> load onto MHC I
    • ​Activate CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells
  • If he peptides to not escape the compartment, they are loaded onto MHC II
    • ​Activate CD4+ helper T-cells
160
Q

Which cell subsets are typically inhibited in the treatment of Crohn’s disease?

Why?

A

Th1 and Th17 CD4+ helper T-cells

  • These cells are involved in IBD and psoriasis
  • Downregulating these cells helps to control these conditions
161
Q

Which cytokines induce Th17 T cells?

What are the major cytokines produced by Th17 T cells?

What does this trigger?

What is the result?

A

Th17 cells are induced by TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-23

Th2 cells produce IL-17, IL-22

This triggers recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

-> Host defense against extracellular bacteria, fungi

~but may cause~

-> Autoimmune and other chronic inflammaotry diseases (IBD, psloriasis, MS)

162
Q

Which cytokines induce Th2 T cells?

What are the major cytokines produced by Th2 T cells?

What does this trigger?

What is the result?

A

Th2 cells are induced by IL-4

Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

This triggers stimulation of IgE, production/activation of mast cells and eosinophils

-> Host defense against helminthic parasites

~but may cause~

-> Allergies; allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis, asthma (mediates class switching to IgE)

163
Q

Which cytokines induce Th1 T cells?

What are the major cytokines produced by Th1 T cells?

What does this trigger?

What is the result?

A

Th1 cells are induced by IFN-gamma and IL-12

Th1 cells produce IFN-gamma

This triggers macrophage activation, stimulation of IgG, and antibody production

-> Host defense against intracellular microbes

~but may cause~

-> Autoimmune and other chronic inflammatory diseases (IBD, psoriasis, granulomatous inflammation)

164
Q

What symptoms would you expect in a newborn with AIRE deficiency?

A

Increased self-reactive T-cells - autoimmune reactions

AIRE is important for expressing self-antigen in the thymus during T-cell maturation to promote central tolerance during negative selection

165
Q

Which components of the immune system mediate anaphylaxis?

A

Mast cells and pre-formed IgE

166
Q

Which components of the immune system mediate Type II allergic reactions?

A

Cells: CD8+ T cells, NK cells, neutrophils

Antibodies: IgG, IgM (attached to cells or ECM)

167
Q

Which components of the immune system mediate immune-complex mediated allergies?

A

Cells: Neutrophils

Antibodies: IgG (soluble/floating in the plasma)

168
Q

Which components of the immune system mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Cells: Th1 CD4+ T cells, macrophages

Antibodies: none

169
Q

Imbalance in which immune cells leads to allergies and asthma?

A

Skew towards Th2 CD4+ helper T-cells

(and away from TRegs)

170
Q

A patient receives a 10/10 HLA matched kidney from a relative. After 8 months the kidney function starts to decline and biopsy demonstrates chronic inflammation and arteriosclerosis (thickening/hardening of the vessels). Which cells mediate this process?

A

CD4+ helper T-cells, macrophages

This is chronic rejection; it takes months to years, and is associated wtih hardening and thickening of vessels and arteriosclerosis

171
Q

Which immune component mediates chronic organ rejection?

What is the time scale?

Which antigens are causing problems?

A

CD4+ helper T cells, macrophages

Months/years

MHC minor proteins

(Characterized by hardening/thickening of vessels, arteriosclerosis)

172
Q

Which immune component mediates hyperacute/antibody organ rejection?

What is the time scale?

Which antigens are causing problems?

A

Pre-formed antibody

Minutes

Problematic antigens = ABO on endothelium, MHC proteins

173
Q

Which immune component mediates acute organ rejection?

What is the time scale?

Which antigens are causing problems?

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic T-cells

Weeks (usually starts after ~7 days)

Problematic antigens = MHC major and minor proteins

174
Q

You treat a patient with cancer with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. You are concerned this could potentially increase autoimmune disease because anti-CTLA-4 antibody could

A. Block normal peripheral tolerance mechanisms

B. Induce production of natural self-reactive antibodies

C. Drive a TH2 T cell response as opposed to a TH1 T cell response

D. Inhibit the second signal of T cell activation through CD28

A

A. Block normal peripheral tolerance mechanisms

CTLA-4 typically binds to B7 (CD80/CD86) on antigen preventing cells to prevent costimulation and dampen Th2 T-cell response

anti-CTLA-4 prevents this dampening; Th2 T-cells will become more active, and ideally fight the tumor cells; however, this may cause an increase inself-reactivity as well

175
Q

Which antibodies, prescribed in cancer treatment, would enhance T-cell activation?

What are the possible consequences?

A

Anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies enhance T-cell activation

Potential problem = loss of peripheral tolerance -> autoimmune response

176
Q

Which cells express CD3?

A

All T-cells

177
Q

Which cells express CD20?

A

B cells

Target for anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs

178
Q

Which cells express CD19?

A

All B cells

179
Q

Which cells expresss CD28?

A

T cells

CD28 on T cells binds CD80/86 (B7) on antigen presenting cells = 2nd signal

180
Q

Which cells express CD56?

A

NK cells

181
Q

Which cells express CD38/CD138?

A

Plasma cells

182
Q

Which cells express CD40?

A

B cells, other APCs

(Bind CD40L on CD4+ helper T-cell to induce cytokine production, form germinal center)

183
Q

Which cells express CD40L?

A

CD4+ T cells after activation

Binds CD40 on B cells and APCs -> Cytokine production, germinal center formation

184
Q

What does IL-1 do?

A

Pyrogenic

Pro-inflammatory

(Similar to IL-6)

185
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

Promotes T-cell growth and activation

Can act in an autocrine fashion

186
Q

What does IL-4 do?

A

Promotes B cell growth and class switching to IgE and IgG

Promotes differentiation of Th2 Cd4+ T cells

Inhibits differentiation of Th1 CD4+ T cells

187
Q

What signal would promote the differntiation of Th2 T cells rather than Th1 T cells?

A

IL-4

188
Q

What does IL-5 do?

A

Promotes differentation/activation of eosinophils

Promotes class switching to IgA

189
Q

What does IL-6 do?

A

Pyrogenic

Pro-inflammatory

(Similar to IL-1)

190
Q

What does IL-8 do?

A

Recruits neutrophils

191
Q

What does IL-10 do?

A

Anti-inflammatory

(Turns off immune response)

192
Q

What does IL-12 do?

A

T-cell growth factor

Stimulates Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells

193
Q

What signal would stimulate Th1 CD4+ T cells?

A

IL-12

IFN-gamma

194
Q

What does IL-13 do?

A

Activates eosinophils

195
Q

What does IL-17 do?

A

Promotes neutrophilic inflamation

(Produced by Th17 T cells)

196
Q

What does IFN-gamma do?

A

Stimulates phagocytosis by macrophages

Increases expression of MHC I and MHC II

Promotes Th1 response

Inhibits Th2 response

197
Q

What does TNF-alpha do?

A

Proinflammatory cytokine

Many effects!

198
Q

What does TGF-beta do?

A

Anti-inflammatory cytokine

Turns off imune response

FDN3 Minnie (14 decks)

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