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FDN3 Minnie > Cells and Tissues of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of immunity do natrual killer cells participate in?

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Eosinophil;

Bi-lobed cells with bright pink cytoplasmic granules

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3
Q

Where are lymph cells most often exposed to bacteria, pathogens, and antigens?

A

Lymph node

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4
Q

What word can be used to describe the flow of lymph in reference to the body wall?

A

Stratified

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5
Q

Describe the path that long-lived circulating lymphocytes move in

A
  1. Leave blood venules to enter lymphatic organs and tissues for immune surveillance
  2. Re-enter circulation to go to other lymphatic tissues
  3. Pass through walls of vasculature in high endothelial venules in lymphatic tissues and organs (postcapillary)
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6
Q

Which artery enters the spleen?

Where does it enter the spleen?

What does the branches of this artery branch into?

A

Splenic artery

At hilum

Splenic artery branches branch into trabecular arteries then central arteries within the PALS

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7
Q

Describe the pathway for lymph flow through a node

A
  1. Cortical afferent lymphatics
  2. Subcapsular sinus
  3. Trabecular sinuses
  4. Medullary sinuses
  5. Efferent lymphatics exiting at hilum
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8
Q

Describe the structure of the thymus

A

Epithelioreticular cellsmake up the stroma of the thymus.Lymphoid stem cells from the bone marrow fill the spaces between the epithelioreticular cells. These will eventually become T-Cells

Shape: 2 lobes, numerous lobules that are folded, continuous arrangements of cortex and medulla parenchyma

  • Trabeculae create a path for blood to enter the thymus
  • Cortex (outer layer, basophillic)
  • Medulla (inner, less intesnse staining than cortex)
  • Thymic corpuscules aka Hassal’s corpuscules in the medulla
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9
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Primary lymphoid tissues are where white blood cells originate and develop.

Bone marrow and thymus

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10
Q

What are the major functions of T-Cells?

A
  • Recognize protein antigens bound to MHC
  • Activated T-Cells kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, foreign cells (organ rejection)

(70% of circulating lymphocytes are T-Cells)

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11
Q

How does deep lymph in abdominal and lower posterior body wall get into the deep path?

A

Via lumbar lymphatic vessels that drain into aortic lymphatics

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12
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Recycle fluid from body tissues
  • Re-circulate proteins that escape from blood capillaries
  • Absorb emulsified fat from lacteals in intestinal villi
  • Defense mechanism for the body
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13
Q

How do parasternal nodes drain into the intercostal lymphatics?

A

Upwards, not posteriorly

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14
Q

What is the structure of axillary nodes?

A

Five major groups forming a triangular cone pointing towards the neck

Apical and central nodes form core of triangle and are surrounded by anterior (pectoral), lateral, and posterior (subcapsular) nodes

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15
Q

What are the functions of the red pulp?

A
  • Eliminates old/damaged RBCs
  • Recycles iron
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16
Q

What is the primary route of lymphatic drainage of the breast?

Why is this the primary route?

A

Primary: To the axillary lymph nodes because the breast is a subcutaneous organ

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17
Q

Where would a macrophage first encounter an antigen in a lymph node?

A

Subcapsular sinus

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18
Q

What is the significance of MHC II?

A

MHC II is expressed on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells.

Antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens, digest their proteins, and then express their peptides in MHC II so that they can present them to T-Cells

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19
Q

What is a germinal center of a lymphatic nodule?

A

An area of dividing cells. Forms during an immune response

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20
Q

What are microglia?

A

Tissue-resident macrophages in the brain

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21
Q

What do B cells differentiate into?

A
  • Plasma cells for humoral immunity (antibody production)
  • Memory cells that can produce stronger antibody immune response w/ subsequent exposure to the same antigen
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22
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph to increase the chance of antigens encounter macrophages and lymphocytes invoking an immune response

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23
Q

Where in the spleen are aging red blood cells eliminated?

A. Splenic cords

B. White pulp

C. Trabeculae

D. Splenic sinuses

A

Splenic cords

(Splenic cords and sinuses make up red pulp, macrophages reside in splenic cords, all blood cells pass through the splenic cords and into the sinuses as the beginning of venous return, white pulp consists of periarterial lymphatic sheaths)

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24
Q

What type of immunity do T-Cells participate in?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q

What is the blood-thymus barrier?

What is its function?

A

The blood-thymus barrier is made from Type I epithelioreticular cells

It protects developing T-Cells from exposure to blood antigens

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26
Q

Which cells express CD3?

A

T-Cells

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27
Q

What triggers basophils and mast cells to release histamine?

A

Cross linking of Fc receptors

Binding of TLRs

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28
Q

What is the main function of the spleen?

A

Filters blood in a network of vascular spaces for blood antigen surveillance by macrophages

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29
Q

Why can lymph nodules not be considered an organ?

A

Lymph nodules do not have a capsule

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30
Q

Describe the drainage of subcutaneous lymph vessels above the umbilicus

A
  1. Drain into axillary lymph nodes
  2. Go deep to form subclavian trunk
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31
Q

What is the main exception to stratification?

A

Lymph drainage of the breast

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32
Q

What are secondary routes of lymphatic draining of the breast?

Why is this notable?

A

Medial lymph drains deep to parasternal nodes in mediastinum and directly through deep body wall with connections to liver through diaphragm

This is an exception the stratification rule

(also to opposite breast)

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33
Q

Describe T-Cell education

A

Epithelioreticular cells secrete interleukins, colony stimulatinf factors, interferon

This induces the expression or deletion of various CD antigens on cell surfaces

Early in the cortex: T-cells are presented with self and foreign antigens by Type II and Type V epithelioreticular cells

  • If the T-Cell recognizes the antigen, it lives and enters the medulla
  • If the T-Cell does not recognize the antigen, it undergos apoptosis

Later in the medulla: Another selection process occurs before the T-Cell leaves

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34
Q

What does the red pulp consist of?

A

Splenic sinuses and splenic cords

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35
Q

Which immune cells are stimulated by IL-5?

A

Eosinophils

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36
Q

What comprises the white pulp?

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) surrounding central arteries

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37
Q

What are trabeculae in lymph nodes?

A

Connective tissue beams the capsule sends into the medulla

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38
Q

Where does lymph entering the bronchomediastinal trunk come from?

A

Heart, lungs, upper esophagus, and anterior intercostal lymphatics via deep parasternal nodes

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39
Q

Which of the following cells secrete cytokines that control T-cell maturation/education?

A. Macrophages

B. Thymocytes

C. Epithelioreticular cells

D. Dendritic cells

E. Stem cells

A

Epithelioreticular cells

(Macrophages destroy T-cells that do not have the proper CD antigens, thymocytes are T cells)

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40
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells? Why are they important?

A
  • Macrophages, dendritic cells, B-Cells
  • They link innate and adaptive immunity
  • They express TLRs to bind PAMPs
  • They present antigens by…
    • Engulfing pathogens
    • Digesting proteins of pathogens
    • Expressing the peptides of the pathogens in MHC II
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41
Q

What kind of cell is this?

Where is it found?

A

Macrophage;

Reside in tissues

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42
Q

How do Eosinophils combat nematode larvae?

A

Eosinohphils attach to the surface of migratory nematode larvae by binding IgE and IgG antibiodies

This triggers antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

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43
Q

Which cytokines do macrophages produce and secrete?

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-12

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44
Q

Describe the important features of basophils and mast cells

A
  • They have receptors for the Fc portion of IgE -> Anaphylaxis
  • They have toll-like receptors (TLRs) on their surface -> innate immunity
  • Both release histamine and other cytokines
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45
Q

What is unique about high endothelial venules in lymphatic tissues and organs?

A

The endothelium is cuboidal instead of simple squamous

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46
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Plasma Cell;

Fried egg appearance, “clock face” chromatin pattern in nucleus

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47
Q

What are the components of lymph nodules?

A

Dense aggregations of mostly B cells in meshwork stroma of reticular fibers

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48
Q

Why is the germinal center of dividing B cells in a lymph nodule lighter staining?

A

Larger cells w/ more cytoplasm and more euchromatin in the nucleus

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49
Q

What kind of cells express CD3 and CD8?

A

Cytotoxic T-Cells

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50
Q

Where are aging red blood cells eliminated?

A

Splenic cords

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51
Q

Which cell types are surveillance cells?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Langerhans cells (epidermis)
  • M cells (intestinal epithelium overlying lymph nodules)
  • Dendritic cells (lymphatic tissues)
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52
Q

What kind of immunity are macrophages involved in?

A

Innate: cytokine production

Adaptive: antigen-presenting

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53
Q

What do splenic cords consist of?

A

A meshwork of reticular cells and fibers among dense aggregations of red blood cells and macrophages

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54
Q

What allows blood cells to easily pass through walls of sinuses?

A

Splenic sinuses (which contain gaps between endothelial cells) are parallel to axis of sinus while incomplete loops of basal lamina are perpendicular to sinuses

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55
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • Reservoir for up to 1/3 of body’s platelets
  • Destroys defective or aged RBCs (macrophages in red pulp)
  • Recycling of iron
  • Immune reactions to blood born antigens by T and B cells in white pulp
  • Reservoir for erythrocytes (minimal in humans)
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56
Q

Where in the body are dendritic cells found?

A

Tissues; under skin and mucosa

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57
Q

What is the purpose of having high endothelial venules?

A

To concentrate lymph to increase chance that antigen will encounter antigen-presenting cell

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58
Q

Where do all myeloid-derived cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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59
Q

Describe the path all blood cells take in an open system

A
  1. Pass throuugh walls of the splenic sinuses
  2. Continue into trabecular veins
  3. Exit spleen at hilum
  4. Go into splenic vein (part of hepatic portal system of veins)
  5. Enter the rest of the hepatic portal system
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60
Q

What is MALT called when it is in the gut?

A

Gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)

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61
Q

What does the ascending pathway receive lymph from?

A
  • Superficial body wall below umbilicus
  • Deep body wall of abdomen, thorax, lower extremities
  • Abdominal organs via mesenteries
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62
Q

What do the PALS consist of?

A

Dense aggregates of T lymphocytes w/ B lymphocyte nodules scattered along the way

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63
Q

What is unique about lymph nodules involved in an immune response?

A

Germinal center of dividing B cells that is lighter staining

64
Q

What is MALT called when it is in the airway?

A

Bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue (BALT)

65
Q

What is a sheathed capillary?

A

Capillaries of central arterries that are surrounded by macrophages

66
Q

Which cells are derived from myeloid cells?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils/mast cells
  • Monocytes/macrophages
  • Other antigen-presenting cells
67
Q

What is a germinal center of a lymphatic nodule?

A. T-cell zone

B. The core of a newly-forming nodule

C. Highly vascular region of the nodule

D. Dividing cells in an immune response

A

Dividing cells in an immune response

(Germinal centers have larger dividing B-cells that react to antigen in an immune response)

68
Q

What is the major function of neutrophils in the immune system?

A

Ingest and kill pathogens

69
Q

What are antigens?

A

Substances, tissues, or infectious organisms foreign to the body

70
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

Tissue-resident macrophages in the lungs

71
Q

Which antigens do T-Cells express?

A

CD3

Helper cells express CD4

Cytotoxic cells express CD8

72
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Natural Killer Cell;

Granules produce cytotoxins to kill other molecules

73
Q

Describe what creates the open system in regard to blood flow from cords to sinuses

A

Central artereries send branches to splenic cords surrounding PALS

Sheathed capillaries of the central arteries open directly into splenic cords

74
Q

What tissues comprise secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and lymphoid

75
Q

Which antigens to Natural Killer Cells express?

A

CD56, CD16

Note: CD16 is the IgF receptor

76
Q

Where in the body would you find Hassal’s Corpuscules?

What are they?

What are they made out of?

A

Inside the medulla of the thymus

They are large pink-staining, keratinized concentric curls that secrete interleukins

They are made from Type IV epithelioreticular cells

77
Q

Describe the path for deep flow towards the veins of the neck

A
  1. Aortic lymphatics (plexus of lymphatic vessels) carry lymph cranially through abdomen
  2. Aortic lymphatics converge on cysterna chyli below diaphragn
  3. Cisterna chyli continues as thoracic duct
  4. Thoracic duct goes from diaphragm to junction of left internal jugular and subclavian veins
78
Q

What are the functions of supporting cells?

A

Regulate immune response and play roles in presenting antigen to lymphocytes

79
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A
  • Lymph veseels
  • Tissues and organs w/ high density of lymphocytes
    • Lymph nodules
    • Lymph nodes
    • Thymus gland
    • Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
    • Bone marrow
80
Q

What does the stroma of lymphatic nodules, nodes, and spleed consist of?

A

Reticular fibers (small diameter collagen fibers w/ high sugar content)

Produced by reticular cells

81
Q

Describe the path that short-lived circulating lymphocytes move in

A

One-way migration out of blood vessels to populate connective tissue of GALT and mucosa of airway

82
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues are where white blood cells migrate to interact and generate an effective, adaptive immune response

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, lymphoid tissues (MALT, GALT, BALT)

83
Q

What are red pulp macrophages?

A

Tissue-resident macrophages in the spleen

84
Q

Describe the major functions of plasma cells

A

Humoral immunity (anti-body based)

  • Produce and secrete antibodies
85
Q

Which cells are “professional antigen-presenting cells?”

A

Macrophages

86
Q

What is the major function of eosinophils?

A
  • Kill pathogens
  • Defend against parasites
87
Q

Why are lymph capillaries more permeable than blood capillaries?

A

Lymph capillaries are made from endothelial cells that have no basal lamina and that have gaps between them

88
Q

Which cells express CD19 and CD20?

A

B-Cells

89
Q

What are the major functions of natural killer cells?

A
  • Mediate the killing of virus-infected cells and tumor cells
    • They have a receptor for MHC1, which all human cells have
    • Natural Killer cells will kill anything that doesn’t have MHC1

(Note: NK cells do not have receptors for specific antigens)

90
Q

What type of immunity do neutrophils participate in?

A

Innate

91
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Tissue-resident macrophages in the liver

92
Q

Describe lymph drainage into neck veins

A

Symmetrical if above umbilicus

Only goes to left side of neck if below umbilicus or in thoracic wall

93
Q

What is the exception to lymph below the umbilicus flowing into the deep path?

A

Lymph from lateral foot and calf drains w/ greater saphenous vein into nodes and vessels in popliteal fossa

Joins path of deep lymph flow along femoral vessels to deep inguinal nodes of femoral canal

94
Q

What comprises the spleen?

A
  • White pulp
  • Red pulp
  • Dense connective tissue capsule surrounding white and red pulp
  • Connective tissue trabeculae extending into pulp interior
95
Q

What do intercostal lymphatics drain into?

Where are intercostal lymphatics located?

A

Intercostal lymphatics drain into thoracic duct

Intercostal lymphatics are in deep thoracic wall

96
Q

Which cells secrete cytokines that control T-cell maturation and education?

A

Epithelioreticular cells

97
Q

Where do blood vessels enter and leave a lymph node?

A

Hilum

98
Q

How does deep lymph in the thoracic body wall get into the deep path?

A

Via intercostal lymphatics vessels into the thoracic duct

99
Q

Describe the major funcitons of macrophages

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Production and release of cytokines
100
Q

Where might a macrophage first encounter antigen in a lymph node?

A. cortical nodules

B. trabecular sinus

C. efferent lymphatics

D. subcapsular sinus

E. cortical reticular fibers

A

Subcapsular sinus

(Lymph first enters node, macrophages send cell processes through sinus endothelium)

101
Q

How does lymph in the upper liver connect with intercostal lymphatics and deep parasternal nodes?

A

Pierces diaphragm

102
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Basophil;

Deep blue, dark cytoplasmic granules

103
Q

Lymph from what sources flows into the deep path?

A
  • Subcutaneous lymph below umbilicus
  • Deep lymph in lower extremities to deep inguinal nodes
  • Deep lymph in abdominal and posterior body wall
  • Deep lymph in thoracic body wall
  • Lymph from pelvic and abdominal viscera
104
Q

Blood flow from cords to sinuses can be described as what kind of system?

A

Open system

(Red pulp arterioles open directly into splenic cords)

105
Q

Where are lymph nodules found?

A

GALT, lymph nodes, and spleen

106
Q

Which cells express CD56 and CD16?

A

Natural Killer Cells

107
Q

What do the lower esophagus and posterior mediastinum drain into?

A

Thoracic duct

108
Q

Which antigens do B-cells express?

A

CD19, CD20

109
Q

Where do all WBCs originate?

A

Bone marrow

110
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Neutrophil; Multi-lobed nucleus

111
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Could be a B cell or a T cell (the picture in Dr. Wolniak’s ppt is the same for both)

Identification may depend on location

  • B Cells mature in the Bone marrow
  • T Cells mature in the Thymus gland
112
Q

Where do macrophages destroy erythrocytes and detect antigens?

A

Splenic cords

(where blood percolates through reticular meshwork)

113
Q

Describe the major functions of dendritic cells

A
  • Ingest pathogens
  • Migrate to lymph nodes to present antigens to helper T-cells
  • Main inducer of the T-Cell and primary antibody response
114
Q

Describe lymph flow from the upper liver

A

Pierces diaphragm -> intercostal lymphatics or deep parasternal nodes -> bronchomediastinal trunk

115
Q

What are the functions of the high endothelial venules in the deep cortex?

A
  • Primary site of entry of lymphocytes from other parts of body
  • High density of water channels that allow passage of fluid in lymph into bloodstream to concentrate lymph in sinuses
116
Q

Which cell types release histamine?

A

Basophils (in the blood)

Mast cells (in tissues)

117
Q

Where are all lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

118
Q

Describe drainage of subcutaneous lymph vessels below the umbilicus

A
  1. Drain into superficial inguinal lymph nodes
  2. Pierce deep body wall the deep inguinal nodes
  3. Deep path to veins on left side of neck
119
Q

Describe the major functions of B-Cells

A
  • Present antigens to T-cells
  • Part of adaptive immunity
  • Differentiate to plasma cells
120
Q

What kind of cells are involved in hypersensitivity and allergies?

A

Eosinophils

121
Q

Name the components of the lymphatic system

A
  • Tissues w/ significant populations of lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, plasma-secreting antibodies): spleen, tonsils, thymus, appendix, lymph nodes, lymph nodules
  • Circulating lymphocytes
  • Lymphatic vessels
122
Q

What kind of cell is this?

Where are you likely to find it?

A

Monocyte; kidney shaped nucleus, lilac cytoplasm

Found in peripheral blood

123
Q

Describe the mechanisms of lymph flow

A
  • Little smooth muscle in lymph vessel wals
  • Valves keep flow in one direction
  • Lymph movement results from milking action from organ movement and skeletal muscle contraction
  • Negative intrathoracic pressure helps direct lymph towards thorax
124
Q

What is the basic function of a macrophage?

A

Engulf and present antigen for the immune response

125
Q

What are tingible body macrophages?

A

Tissue-resident macrophages in the germinal centers of lymph nodules

126
Q

What is lymphogenous metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer via lymphatic system

127
Q

What is elephantiasis?

How is it produced?

A

Chronic blockage of lymph vessels that produces marked swelling of infected region

Produced by ova of a small tropical parasitic warm

128
Q

Name some antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages

Dendritic Cells

B Cells

129
Q

Where does lymph from pelvic and abdominal viscera converge?

A

Aortic lymphatics and/or cisterna chyli

130
Q

Which cells are derived from lymphoid cells?

A
  • B-Cells
  • T-Cells
  • Natural Killer Cells
131
Q

What is this structure?

A

Lymph node

132
Q

What is the function of the white pulp?

A

Immune function as in lymph nodes and diffuse lymphatic tissue

133
Q

How are the abdominal and thoracic lymph drainage related?

A

Abdominal and thoracic lymph drainage connect w/ each other

134
Q

What does the stroma of the thymus consist of?

A

Branching interconnecting epithelioreticular cells

From third branchial pouches

135
Q

What is the main component of lymph nodules?

A

B cells

136
Q

Describe the general path of lymph drainage

A
  1. Starts blindly in lymph capillaries
  2. Go through jugular, subclavian, or bronchomediastinal trunk
  3. Ends up in blood of large of veins at root of neck

Most lymph encounters lymph node(s) along the path

137
Q

What is the main function of T-cells?

A

Participate in cell-mediated immunity (become killer cells)

138
Q
A
139
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

Inflammation of lymph nodes

140
Q

What is lymphangitis?

A

Inflammation of lymph vessels

141
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A

Mast Cell;

Deep blue dark cytoplasmic granules

142
Q

Where does lymph entering the subclavian trunk come from?

A

Axillary lymph nodes draining upper limbs and superficial lymph above umbilicus

143
Q

Where does lymph entering the jugular trunk come from?

A

Head and neck

144
Q

Where are T lymphocytes mainly found?

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue of lymphatic organs or loose connective tissue of GI, respiratory, urinary tracts

145
Q

Where are the efferent lymphatics located in a lymph node?

A

Hilum

146
Q

What does the deep cortex of lymph nodes contain?

A

High endothelial venules (simple cuboidal epithelium)

147
Q

Where would you find Type I epithelioretcular cells?

A

Type I epithelioreticular cells line the connective tissue components of the thymus

They compose the blood-thymus barrier that protects developing T-cells from exposure to blood antigens

148
Q

What are splenic sinuses?

A

Venous channels w/ very long rod-shaped endothelial cells w/ gaps between them

149
Q

Which lymphatic trunks empty into the same venous junction on both sides?

A
  • Subclavian trunks
  • Jugular trunks
  • Bronchomediastinal trunks
150
Q

What is the major function of basophils?

A

Basophils are involved in inflammation; they release histamines and other cytokines

151
Q

What are lymph nodes composed of?

A
  • Connective tissue capsule
  • Outer cortex w/ nodules (B cell zones)
  • Inner cortex w/ diffuse T cell lymphatics
  • Innermost medulla w/ T cell medullary cords
152
Q

What tissues comprise primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

153
Q

Describe the major funciton of monocytes

A

Monocytes circulate in peripheral blood

They migrate to tissues to differentiate to macrophages

154
Q

Where in the body would you find macrophages?

A

Blood or tissues

155
Q

What kind of cells express CD3 and CD4?

A

Helper T-Cells

FDN3 Minnie (14 decks)

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