SAS#9

Question 1

– Equated to obligation to be fair in distribution of benefits and risks. “What is due to the
individual?”
– Maintenance of this principle simple in abstract and complex in application
– Reform of health care delivery, in regard to equity and access to health care services,
major issues. “What is fair? What is our due?”

Answer 1

Principle of Justice

Question 2

Types of justice

Answer 2

Procedural justice or due process
Distributive justice
Compensatory justice

Question 3

the idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and
allocate resources (treating people w/ dignity & respect, being neutral in decision making; strict
tardiness policy with specific punishment)

Answer 3

Procedural justice or due process

Question 4

fairness of the distribution of resources & outcomes (workers receiving equal
pay for equal work)

Answer 4

Distributive justice

Question 5

the extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by
those who have injured them (monetary compensation for victims of crimes or civil rights
violations)

Answer 5

Compensatory justice

Question 6

In distribution, equals must be treated equally, and unequals must be treated unequally
(law)

Answer 6

Formal Justice

Question 7

– Principles that specify relevant characteristics or morally relevant criteria in regard to
treatment are (morality & politics)
– Concerns the justice & injustice of the content of rules or laws

Answer 7

Material Justice

Question 8

Common methods for distribution of goods and resources:

Answer 8

– To each person an equal share
– To each person according to need
– To each person according to merit
– To each person according to contribution
– To each person according to effort
– To each person according to social worth

Question 9

– No persons granted social benefits on basis of undeserved advantage
– No persons denied social benefits on basis of undeserved disadvantages
– requires that persons “with similar abilities and skills should have similar life chances”
– that all should have a “fair chance” to attain success.

Answer 9

Fair Opportunity Rule

Question 10

– Province of Congress, state legislatures, insurance companies, private foundations, and
health organizations
– Problems are demonstrated in such questions: What kind of health care available?
Who will get it & what basis? Who will deliver the services?

Answer 10

Macro-allocation

Question 11

More personal determination of who will receive scarce resources such as intensive care
beds, organ transplants.

Answer 11

Micro-allocation

Question 12

1.Everyone guaranteed coverage for basic care and catastrophic health needs
2. Is based on the ability to pay, would provide expanded & better care as private
Cultural and social barriers bar the way for many citizens to receive health care

Answer 12

Two-Tier System

Question 13

Who shall be saved from drowning, and what will be the criteria for our selection?

Answer 13

Lifeboat Ethics

Question 14

– Allocating scarce resources practiced and justified in crises of war or disaster
– Walking wounded
– Fatally wounded
– Seriously wounded

Answer 14

Triage

Question 15

– Which patient has best prognosis?
– Often difficult to assess

Answer 15

Medical Utility

Question 16

– Which patient has greatest social worth?
– Invites problems of racism, ageism, sexism, bias against retarded and mentally ill

Answer 16

Social Utility

Question 17

Random selection treats all patients as equal

Answer 17

First Come, First Served

Question 18

Theories of Justice

Answer 18

• Egalitarian
• Utilitarian
• Libertarian

Question 19

• Emphasize equal access to goods and services
• Advocates of a right to health care
• Socialistic universal access health care systems

Answer 19

Egalitarian Theories:

Question 20

maintains that for healthcare resources to be distributed fairly every person
should receive sufficient healthcare to provide them with the opportunity to live in good health for a
normal span of years.

Answer 20

Fair Innings argument

Question 21

Criteria so public utility is maximized
Political planning and intervention methods of redistributing goods and wealth

Answer 21

Utilitarian theories:

Question 22

greatest good for greatest number

Answer 22

Public utility

Question 23

• Public utility: greatest good for greatest number

Answer 23

Utilitarian theories:

Question 24

QALY:

Answer 24

quality adjusted life years

Question 25

Measures cost-benefit of applying a medical procedure

Answer 25

QALY:

Question 26

• Emphasize personal rights to social and economic liberty
• Choice of allocation system freely chosen
• Free-market system operates on material principle of ability to pay

Answer 26

Libertarian theories:

Question 27

sees people are more enough to find and judge good ideas from bad. The
theory says people are rational and their rational thoughts lead them .

Answer 27

Libertarian theory

Question 28

– Society spends 17.4 percent of gross domestic product on health care
– $2.9 trillion or $9,255 per person
– Per capita medical costs increased 1,000 percent
– Aging population places great burden on stressed system
– Use of high technology in medicine

Answer 28

Health care Crisis (USA)

Question 29

WORLD HEALTH CARE MODELS: Religious, humanistic & transpersonal models

Answer 29

– Beveridge Model
– Bismarck Model
– National Health Insurance
– Out of Pocket

Question 30

Beveridge Model
– Model originated in

Answer 30

Great Britain, practiced in Great Britain, Italy, Spain & Hongkong.

Question 31

This model was first established by William Beveridge in United Kingdom
in 1948.

Answer 31

Beveridge Model

Question 32

– Model originated in Great Britain, practiced in Great Britain, Italy, Spain & Hongkong.
– Health care financed by government and taxed based rather than insurance based
– No medical bills; health care treatment public service
– Strong emphasis on primary care
– health care system in which the government provides health care for all its citizens through
income tax payments.
– Costs controlled by rationing
– Long wait times for non-acute secondary and tertiary care
– Newest technologies not easily available
– Low costs per capita
– Government, as sole payer, controls what doctors can do and what they will charge

Answer 32

Beveridge Model

Question 33

National Health Insurance what countries

Answer 33

• Canada, Australia, Taiwan, South Korea

Question 34

• Health care providers private
• Payer is government-run insurance program all citizens pay into
• Insured residents entitled to same level of care
• No profit motive, no need to advertise, no expensive underwriting
• National system great leverage and market power to negotiate lower prices

Answer 34

National Health Insurance

Question 35

• Majority of world’s nations do not have resources to provide health care services for their
citizens
• Well-connected and rich get medical care
• Poor do without

Answer 35

Out of Pocket

Question 36

out of pocket, what countries

Answer 36

• Rural Africa, India, China, South America

Question 37

• Law requires Americans to purchase health insurance
• Expands Medicaid rolls
• Establishes health-insurance exchanges to provide more competitive rates
• Provides subsidies to the poor and middle-class to assist them in purchasing a private plan
• Imposes billions in new taxes, mainly on the rich and health care industry
• Still most complicated, expensive, and inequitable health care system in developed nations
• National shortage of primary care physicians
• Disparity in reimbursement levels between Medicare and Medicaid
• Geography creates access maldistribution

Answer 37

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Question 38

• all citizens are automatically entitled to PhilHealth benefits, including comprehensive outpatient
services. PhilHealth will be responsible for purchasing all individual-based services, including
supplies, medicines, and commodities, as well as maintenance and operating expense of health
facilities

Answer 38

UHC Law (Universal Health Law)

Question 39

The UHC Law, also known as

Answer 39

Republic Act No. 11223

Question 40

aims to reduce the risk of
Filipinos being forced into poverty just because they can’t pay their medical bills, while
increasing access to quality health care for the poor and those living in remote areas.

Answer 40

UHC Law, also known as Republic Act No. 11223

Question 41

top 10 causes of deaths

Answer 41

medical errors

Question 42

top priority for health care providers

Answer 42

Health care quality assessment