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STM 010 review > SAS 3 > Flashcards

SAS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the skin, or _______ is considered an organ because it…

A

consists of all four tissue types

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2
Q

consists of accessory organs, such as glands, hair, and nails, thus making up the integumentary system.

A

skin

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3
Q

two primary layers of skin

A

epidermis and the underlying dermis

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4
Q

although technically not part of the skin, the _______ (subcutaneous layer, or superficial fascia) lies beneath the dermis

A

hypodermis

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5
Q

the skin performs a variety of functions:

A

Protection - provided against infection by microbes, physical damage, harmful chemicals and ultraviolet radiation

Sensation - provided by nerve endings for touch, pain, and heat keeping the body informed of changes in its environment

Thermoregulation - supported through the sweating and regulation of blood flow through the skin

Synthesis of vitamin D - occurs in the skin

Excretion - of salts and small amounts of wastes (ammonia and urea) occurs with the production of sweat

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6
Q

LAYERS OF THE SKIN

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
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7
Q

consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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8
Q

produce keratin, a protein that hardens and waterproofs the skin; mature keratinocytes at the skin surface are dead and filled almost entirely with keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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9
Q

produce melanin, a pigment that protects cells from ultraviolet radiation; melanin from the melanocytes is transferred to the keratinocytes

A

Melanocytes

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10
Q

phagocytic macrophages that interact with white blood cells during an immune response

A

Langerhans cells

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11
Q

occur deep in the epidermis at the epidermal dermal boundary; they form Merkel discs, which, in association with nerve endings, serve a sensory function

A

Merkel cells

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12
Q

Thick skin, thin skin

A

five, four layers

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13
Q

5 layers making up the epidermis

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale / germinativum
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14
Q

contains many layers of dead, anucleate keratinocytes completely filled with keratin

A

Stratum corneum

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15
Q

contains two to three layers of anucleate cells

A

Stratum lucidum

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16
Q

contains two to four layers of cells held together by desmosomes; these cells contain keratohyalin granules, which contribute to the formation of keratin in the upper layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum granulosum

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17
Q

contains eight to ten layers of cells connected by desmosomes

A

Stratum spinosum

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18
Q

contains a single layer of columnar cells actively dividing by mitosis to produce cells that migrate into the upper epidermal layers and ultimately to the surface of the skin

A

Stratum basale / germinativum

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19
Q

second layer of the skin

consists of various connective tissues

A

Dermis

20
Q

contains fibroblasts and macrophages within a gelatinous matrix containing collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

provides strength, extensibility (the ability to be stretched), and elasticity (the ability to return to its original

A

Dermis

21
Q

where we find capillaries and many nerve endings

major blood vessels are found in the hypodermis

A

Dermis

22
Q

two layers of dermis

A
  • Papillary layer
  • Reticular layer
23
Q

thin outer layer of areolar connective tissue with fingerlike projections called dermal papillae that protrude into the epidermis

A

Papillary layer

24
Q

thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Reticular layer

25
Q

elongates filaments of keratinized epithelial cells that arise and emerge from the skin of mammals

A

Hairs

26
Q

Hair is composed of following structures:

A
  • Hair shaft
  • Hair root
  • Hair follicle
  • Bulb
  • Matrix
  • Arrector pili
27
Q

visible on the surface of the skin

A

Hair shaft

28
Q

that penetrates the skin

A

Hair root

29
Q

sheath that surrounds the hair in the skin

A

Hair follicle

30
Q

base of the hair follicle

A

Bulb

31
Q

bottom of the hair follicle, they produce keratin and absorb melanin from nearby melanocytes; cells are actively dividing, producing new hair cells; younger cells are produced below them, the more mature cells are pushed upward, where they eventually die; the keratin they leave behind contributes to the growth of the hair; the color of the hair is determined by the pigments absorbed from the melanocytes

A

Matrix

32
Q

smooth muscle that is attached to the hair follicle; when the muscle contracts, the hair becomes erect; in humans, “goose bumps” are produced

A

Arrector pili

33
Q

parts of nails:

A
  • Lunula
  • Nail Matrix
34
Q

keratinized epithelial cells

A

Nails

35
Q

area of new nail growth, semilunar lighter region

A

Lunula

36
Q

actively producing nail cells, below the lunula

A

Nail Matrix

37
Q

secrete sweat
sweat consists of water with various salts and other substances

A

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

38
Q

four kinds of sudoriferous glands:

A
  • Merocrine (eccrine) glands
  • Apocrine glands
  • Ceruminous glands
  • Mammary glands
39
Q

an oily substance into hair follicles or sometimes through skin surface pores

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

40
Q

Types of skin cancer:

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma
  • Kaposi sarcoma
41
Q

common type of skin cancer, lesions begin as painless and will metastasize

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

42
Q

most common type of skin cancer; originates in cells at base of epidermis; lesions begin as small raised areas that erode in center, bleed, and crust over; less likely to metastasize than other skin cancer types

A

Basal cell carcinoma

43
Q

most serious form of skin cancer; may develop from benign, pigmented moles or excess UV radiation

A

Malignant melanoma

44
Q

a rare form of skin cancer frequently associated with AIDS and other immune deficiencies

A

Kaposi sarcoma

45
Q

causes of skim cancer:

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • sun’s UV radiation damages skin cell DNA

STM 010 review (4 decks)

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