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STM 010 review > SAS 2 > Flashcards

SAS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

basic and smallest functional unit of all living things

A

Cells

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2
Q

Composition of cell

A
  • contain cytoplasm, a substance found only in cells
  • organelles are specialized structures within the cytoplasm

-cell interior is surrounded by plasma membrane

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3
Q

Structural part of cell

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • cytoskeleton
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4
Q

forms outer boundary of cell
selectively permeable
composed of thin, two- layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

all cell substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

internal framework of cell
made up of microfilaments and microtubules

provides support and movement of cell and organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

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7
Q

made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA (mRNA)

called protein factories

may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm

manufacture enzymes and other proteins

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

network of connecting sacs and canals

carries substances through cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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9
Q

collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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10
Q

synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane

A

Smooth ER

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11
Q

group of flattened sacs near nucleus

collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane

chemical processing and packaging center

A

Golgi Apparatus

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12
Q

involved with energy-releasing chemical reaction (cellular respiration)

power plants of the cell

composed of inner and outer membranous sacs

each mitochondrion contains one DNA molecule

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes

have protective function (eat microbes)

formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

Two kinds of Centrosome

A
  • Microtubule
  • Centrioles
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15
Q

organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus

A

Microtubule

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16
Q

paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other within the centrosome and function in moving chromosomes during cell reproduction

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

Three kinds of Cell Extensions

A
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
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18
Q

short extensions of the plasma membrane

increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell

A

Microvilli

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19
Q

hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells

serve sensory functions, but some are also capable of moving together in a wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface

A

Cilia

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20
Q

single projections that act as “tails” of sperm cells

much longer than cilia

A

Flagella

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21
Q

controls cell because it contains most of the genetic code (genome)

DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division

46 nuclear chromosomes contain DNA, which contains genetic code

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

instructions for making proteins which in turn determine cell structure and function

A

Nucleus

23
Q

every human cell has a designated function:

A

some help maintain the cell, and others regulate life processes

24
Q

specialized functions of a cell differ depending on

A

number and type of organelles

25
Q

usually separated by extracellular fluids that allow transport of nutrients and waste to and from the bloodstream

A

plasma membranes of adjacent cells

26
Q

protein attachments between adjacent cells

bears a shaped structure from which protein fibers extend into the cytoplasm

act like spot welds to hold together tissues that undergo considerable stress (such as skin or heart muscle

A

Desmosomes

27
Q

tightly stitched seams between cells

completely encircles each cell preventing the movement of material between the cell

characteristic of cells lining the digestive tract, where materials are required to pass through cells to penetrate the bloodstream

A

Tight Junctions

28
Q

narrow tunnels between cells that consist of proteins called connexons

allow communication between cells through the exchange of materials or the transmission of electrical impulses

A

Gap Junctions

29
Q

the human body is composed of approximately

A

200 distinctly different types of cells

30
Q

four basic tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
31
Q

covers body and lines body cavities
cells packed closely together with little matrix

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

32
Q

flat and scale like

A

Squamous

33
Q

cube-shaped

A

Cuboidal

34
Q

higher than they are wide

A

Columnar

35
Q

varying shapes that can stretch

A

Transitional

36
Q

describes a single layer of cells

A

Simple epithelium

37
Q

described epithelium consisting of multiple layers

A

Stratified epithelium

38
Q

described a single layer of cells of different sizes, giving the appearance of being multilayered

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

39
Q

single layer of scale like cells adapted for transport (e.g. absorption)

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

40
Q

several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection

A

Stratified squamous Epithelium

41
Q

tall, column-like cells arranged in a single layer; contain mucus producing goblet cells; specialized or absorption

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

42
Q

up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched; found in body areas that stretch, such as urinary bladder

A

Stratified transitional Epithelium

43
Q

single layer of distorted columnar cells; each cell touches basement membrane

A

Pseudostratified Epithelium

44
Q

single layer of cube-like cells often specialized for secretory activity; may secrete into ducts, directly into blood, and on body surface

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body

with many different types, appearances, and functions

relatively few cells in intercellular matrix

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

46
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  • Areolar (loose connective) tissue
  • Adipose (fat) tissue
  • Reticular tissue
  • Dense fibrous tissue
  • Bone tissue
  • Cartilage tissue
  • Blood tissue
47
Q

fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organ together; collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types

A

Areolar (loose connective) tissue

48
Q

lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat

A

Adipose (fat) tissue

49
Q

delicate net of collagen fibers, as in bone marrow

A

Reticular tissue

50
Q

bundles of strong collagen fibers

A

Dense fibrous tissue

51
Q

matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection

A

Bone tissue

52
Q

matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel

A

Cartilage tissue

53
Q

matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection

A

Blood tissue

STM 010 review (4 decks)

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