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PHASE 1 > SAQ 11, 12, 13, 14 > Flashcards

SAQ 11, 12, 13, 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is present in segmental bronchi but not respiratory bronchioles?

A

Cartilage

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2
Q

What three things comprise a respiratory acinus?

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolus

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3
Q

What part of your respiratory tract lies behind the sternal angle?

A

Carina - T4

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4
Q

Name the anatomical regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Antrum, Pylorus

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5
Q

What cells produce:

Gastrin
HCl 
Intrinsic factor 
Pespisinogen 
Histamine
Somatostatin
A

Gastrin - G cells

HCl - Parietal / oxyntic cells

Intrinstic factor - Parietal / oxyntic cells

Pepsinogen - Chief cells

Histamine - Enterochromaffin like cells

Somatostatin - D cells

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6
Q

Where in the stomach are these cells found?

G cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enterochromaffin like cells

A

G cells - Antrum

Parietal cells - Fundus and body

Chief cells - Fundus body and pylorus

Enterochromaffin like cells - gastric glands in vicinity of parietal cells

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7
Q

What two other things other that gastrin mediate the release of hydrochloric acid?

A

Acetylcholine and Histamine

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8
Q

Which glucocorticoid is most common in men?

A

Cortisol

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9
Q

Which two anatomical areas are involved in glucocorticoids negative feedback loops?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituatary

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10
Q

What hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and what class of receptor does it bind to?

A

ACTH - G- protein Coupled receptor

All hypothalamic and pituitary hormones act on G protein coupled receptors and organs act on nuclear receptors

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11
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Weight in Kg

Square of height in M2

kg/m2

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12
Q

Three conditions that are exacerbated or caused by weight gain?

A

Coronary heart disease, diabetes and osteoporosis

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13
Q

Two reasons that are contributing to increase in childhood weight gain?

A

Technological developments - videogames

Using a car instead of waking

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14
Q

2 Factors that contribute to the obesogenic lifestyle?

A

Taking car instead of walking

Opting for fast food as is so cheap and readily available

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15
Q

RDA for fruit and veg?

A

5 portions

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16
Q

What hormones from the pituitary gland influence that menstrual gland?

A

FSH and LH

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17
Q

How does progesterone act on the uterus?

A

Thickening of the lining to prevent miscarriage

Prevents uterine smooth muscle contraction

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18
Q

A biopsy of a mid secretory phase endometrium is normal, give three histological features that will be seen?

A

Glands becoming tortuous

Formation of spiral arteries

Stromal oedema

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19
Q

What hormone does the normal pregnancy test look for?

A

hCG

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20
Q

Two effects of oestrogen on the endometrium?

A

Uterine smooth muscle growth

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21
Q

By the 28th week what changes would there be an an embryos cardiorespiratory system?

A

Day 22 - heart beat
Week 24 - surfactant
Week 20 - Ductus arteriosus opens

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22
Q

Name one hormone from pituitary gland and one form chorion/decidua that induce labour?

A

Pituitary - oxytocin

Chorion/decidua - PGs

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23
Q

What anatomical site is affected in parkinsons?

A

Substantia nigra

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24
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A

Substantia nigra
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

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25
Q

What site is affected in brain stimulation?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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26
Q

Which anatomical area is affected in Huntingdons?

A

Striatum - caudate nucleus

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27
Q

What neurotransmitter is deficient in Huntingdons?

A

GABA

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28
Q

A patients wife complains of wasting in the thenar muscles and loss of sensation in thumb and first two fingers.

Which nerve is compressed and what structure is compressing it?

A

Median nerve

Flexor retinaculum

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29
Q

Four features of pain as defined by the international pain society?

A

Nocieception
Pain perception
Suffering
Pain behaviour

30
Q

Define pain?

A

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage to tissue

31
Q

What is the function of the following in relation to pain:

Anterior cingulate gyurs
Pre frontal gyrus
Sensory motor cortex
Amygdala

A

Anterior cingulate gyrus - pain sensation

Prefrontal gyrus - pain awareness

Sensorimotor cortex - positional awareness

Amygdala - emotional response to pain

32
Q

A patients calcium is low by phosphate is normal. What two systemic ‘hormones’ are responsible for the abnormalities?

A

PTH

Calcitonin

33
Q

Three ways in which the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and upper gut contribute to innate immunity?

A

Mucus traps bacteria

Muco-cilliary escalator wafts to the top of the oesophagus

Swallowed and degraded by the low pH of the HCl in the stomach

34
Q

What are the two areas of the body that have a low pH in order to combat bacteria?

A

Stomach and vagina

35
Q

Give one oxygen dependent method that phagocytes use to kill ingested material?

A

Reactive oxygen species

36
Q

What 2 substances are produced from the parietal cells?

A

HCl and intrinsic factors

37
Q

Where in the stomach are the parietal cells?

A

In the fundus and the body

38
Q

Why might NSAIDs cause gastric ulcers?

A
  1. NSAIDs inhibit cox1 enzyme
  2. Cox1 is needed for prostaglandin activation
  3. Prostaglandins are needed for mucus production which protects the stomach against acid damage and ulcer formation
  4. Inhibition of prostaglandin activation means that mucus production is inhibited indirectly leaving mucosal defence reduced
39
Q

What is produced from D cells and what are its effects?

A

Somatostatin

Inhibits the secretion of gastric acid both by directing inhibiting parietal cells and by inhibiting gastrin and histamines

40
Q

What is eustress?

A

A positive motivating level of stress

41
Q

2 Behavioural signs of stress?

A

Increase in alcohol consumption

Smoking

42
Q

Define stress ?

A

When the expectations of a person exceeds their ability to cope. Stress is any mental, physical or emotional strain

43
Q

What other areas apart from work should their doctors ask about?

A

Finances

Partner/Family

Friends and social pressures

44
Q

Define opportunistic cost?

A

When a doctor uses funds for a treatment as the need for it arises, rather than thinking about future possible ways this money could be spent

e.g. money is spent on a single heart transplant rather than being used for the treatment of other diseases

45
Q

What are two economic evaluations used?

A

Cost utility analysis QUALYs

Cost effectiveness analysis - looks at how many life years are increased but does not look at the quality of a persons life

Cost benefit analysis - looks at the individual cost of treatments and how well they work

46
Q

Layers of the adrenal cortex and the hormones released?

Give examples

A

Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol

Zona reticularis: Androgens e.g. DHEA

Adrenal medulla: stress hormones e.g. epinephrine and norepinephrine

47
Q

What enzyme os only present in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone synthase

48
Q

What is visual pigment in the eye?

A

Rhodopsin

49
Q

What types of vision do cones and rods do?

A

Cones: Work in bright light and colour

Rods: low levels of light and black and white

50
Q

What artery supplies occipital lobe?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

51
Q

Where are you likely to get fractures with oestoporosis?

A

Hip wrist spine

52
Q

Who is most at risk for osteoporosis?

A

Women over 50

53
Q

What tools to measure bone density?

A

Duel Energy Xray Absorptiometry

54
Q

Treatment for oestoporosis?

A

?

55
Q

What indications would make you measure bone density?

A

?

56
Q

Give examples of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in relation to type 2 diabetes?

A

Primary prevention: trying to prevent people from getting a disease - promoting healthy diet, excercise and weightloss, advertise the risk factors of type 2 diabetes

Secondary prevention: trying to catch disease in early stages and prevent it from getting worse - screening those at risk or with pre-diabetes from getting diabetes, encourage healthy lifestyle changes

Tertiary prevention: Trying to improve quality of life and reduce the symptoms of patients with the disease - medication preventing kidney failure

57
Q

What are the BMI ranges?

A

Underweight: BMI is less than 18.5.
Normal weight: BMI is 18.5 to 24.9.
Overweight: BMI is 25 to 29.9.
Obese: BMI is 30 or more.

58
Q

What week does the neural tube close?

A

End of fourth week

59
Q

What structures derived from:

Prosencephalon
Rhombencephalon

A

Prosencephalon

  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon

  • Metencephalon (pons)
  • Mylencephalon (MO)
60
Q

What is the normal GFR including units?

A

125ml/min

61
Q

Why would you get referred pain to the shoulder with diaphragm irritation?

A
  1. Diaphragm is innervated by phrenic nerve
  2. Phrenic nerve roots are C3,C4, and C5
  3. The dermatomes for these nerve roots are in the shoulder and neck region so pain may be referred here
62
Q

What are two consitutional systemic symptons that a patient may complain of?

A

Fever
Pain
Swelling

63
Q

What is the principle cell involved in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil

64
Q

Two actions of bradykinin?

A

Pain

Vasodilation

65
Q

What are the roles of lymphatics in acute inflammation?

A

Drain fluid exudate

Carry antigens to the lymph nodes

66
Q

What enzyme breaks down bradykinin?

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

67
Q

What are the six duties of a doctor?

A
  1. Make patient care your first concern
  2. Provide a good standard and practice of care
  3. Take prompt action if you think patient safety, dignity or comfort is being compromised
  4. Protect and promote the health of patients and the public
  5. Treat patients as individuals and respect their dignity
  6. Work in partnership with patients and colleagues
68
Q

What is the gene for breast and ovarian cancer?

A

BRCA1

69
Q

Three reason for staging?

A

Determine prognosis
Guide treatment
Give information

70
Q

What is breast cancer most likely to metastasise to first?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

PHASE 1 (7 decks)

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