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phase 1 > ILA FORMATIVES 1 - 6 > Flashcards

ILA FORMATIVES 1 - 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How is a gene sequence coded?

A

A gene sequences is coded in single stranded DNA

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2
Q

How as a promoter sequence coded?

A

A promotor sequence is coded in single stranded DNA

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3
Q

What binds to tRNA?

A

Specific amino acids bind to tRNA

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4
Q

What is the transcriptome composed of?

A

It is the sum total of all the messenger RNA molecule expressed from the genes of an organism

Composed of mRNA

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5
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Alternative splicing is a regulated process during gene expression which results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins

Particular exons mat be included or excluded form the final mRNA

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6
Q

What type of structure would a protein with 2 polypeptide chains held together by cross links?

A

Quaternary

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7
Q

How do cis/trans and L/D isomers differ in structure?

A

They are proteins that differ in their tertiary structure

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8
Q

What are alpha helices and beta sheets examples of?

A

Secondary structure

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9
Q

What causes sickle cell anaemia?

A

Sickle cells anaemia is caused by an autosomal recessive condition that substitutes an amino acid in the beta globin chain

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10
Q

What happens to sickle cells during hypoxia?

A

In hypoxia, the abnormal HbS crystallises (HHb is soluble which oxygenated and insoluble when deoxygenated) and it precipitates out and clumps in an insoluble mass

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11
Q

How does the genetic mutation cause sickling of the cells?

A

The structure change to haemoglobin causes sickling by binding to the cytoskeleton as this is what usually keeps its shape

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12
Q

What would cause an acute pain crisis from SS anaemia?

A

An acute pain crisis is typically caused by capillary occlusion in the bone

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13
Q

How do the sickle cells cause capillary occlusion?

A

The sickle cells cause capillary occlusion by binding to and activating endothelial cells causing inflammation

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14
Q

How can sickle cell disease be treated?

A

Sickle cell disease can be treated with hydroxyurea (usually an anti cancer drug an is an antimetabolite) because it increases the synthesis of foetal HbF which doesnt have a beta chain

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15
Q

Describe the distribution of total body water?

A

66% ICF

33% ECF

Of the ECF

25% Interstital fluid
8% Plasma

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16
Q

Give an example of insensible fluid loss?

A

Water from respiration

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17
Q

Why is oedema linked to albumin?

A

Because when there is low albumin, there is a decrease in oncotic pressure as so water diffuses from the blood into the interstitial fluid

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18
Q

Where is ADH synthesised and released?

A

ADH is synthesised in the hypothalamus and then released from the posterior pituitary

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19
Q

Where is aldosterone synthesised?

A

In the adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa

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20
Q

Where is the principle site of renin production?

A

The juxtaglomerular cells

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21
Q

What happens when you drink water?

A

Your osmolality falls, so ADH secretion stops and increases urine volume

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22
Q

Which nerve supplies motor function to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

23
Q

What supplies voluntary motor function to the larynx?

A

The vagus nerve

24
Q

Which bronchus is more likely to have a peanut lodged in if inhaled?

A

Right

More vertically disposed

25
Q

What would a malignant tumour of the pleural membranes be called?

A

A mesothelioma

26
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

They are in the ventral medulla and the respond to CSF pH

27
Q

Where are the main peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid sinus and the aortic arch

28
Q

What could cause type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Pulmonary embolism

29
Q

What could cause type 2 pulmonary failure?

A

COPD

30
Q

What effect would adrenaline have on the bronchi?

A

Bronchodilation

31
Q

What do the columnar epithelial cells provide in respiratory epithelium?

A

Cilia for the mucocillary escalator

32
Q

What secretes somatostatin?

A

D cells

33
Q

What secretes histamines?

A

Enterochromaffin cells

34
Q

What secretes gastrin?

A

G cells

35
Q

What secretes pepsinogen?

A

Cheif cells

36
Q

What is the purpose of intrinsic factors?

A

It allows absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum

37
Q

How many muscle layers in the stomach wall?

A

3

38
Q

What is the change in cell type seen in the lower oesophagus after prolonged acid reflux?

A

Stratified squamous to columnar

39
Q

What does the proton pump on parietal cells do?

A

The proton pump on parietal cells pumps K+ into the cell and H+ out of the cell

40
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Arterial blood to the jejunum

41
Q

What is the action of omeprazole?

A

Inhibits the proton on parietal cells pump to reduce acid secretion

42
Q

Where is fat first digested?

A

It is first digested by lipase enzymes in the oral cavity of the GI tract

43
Q

Is the hepatic vein a part of the porta hepatis?

A

No

44
Q

What % of cardiac output is hepatic blood supply?

A

25%

45
Q

What is CCK released in response to?

A

CCK is released in response to the presence of amino acids in the gut

46
Q

What commonly causes obstructive jaundice?

A

Obstructive jaundice is commonly caused by gallstone sin the gall bladder

47
Q

Where does the pancreas lie in relation to the duodenum?

A

The pancreas lies in the duodenal loop

48
Q

What does the microsomal enzyme Uridine Diphosphoglucuronic Transferase catalyse

A

The formation of conjugated bilirubin

49
Q

What produces stercobilinogen?

A

Bacterial enzyme hydrolysis in the gut, stercobilinogen is excreted in the faeces

50
Q

How is urobilinogen returned to the liver?

A

Enterohepatic circulation

51
Q

What would an an increased serum unconjugated bilirubin and increased faecal urobilinogen cause?

A

Pre hepatic jaundice

52
Q

What is the physiological cause of jaundice of the newborn?

A

Excess breakdown of foetal haemoglobin

53
Q

Is Gilberts syndrome a cause of obstructive jaundice?

A

No

54
Q

Is production of urobilinogen a function of the liver?

A

No

phase 1 (7 decks)

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