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PHASE 1 > Histology Flashcards > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is this slide stained with? What stains blue with this stain?

A

Alcian blue

  • GAG rich structures
  • Mucous
  • Mast cells
  • Cartilage
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2
Q

What is this slide stain with?

What stains pink with this stain?

A

Eosin

  • Colloidal proteins
  • Plasma

Eosinophilic = Acidophilic

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3
Q

What is this slide stained with?

What stains black with this stain?

A

Iron haematoxylin

  • Nuclei
  • Elastic fibres
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4
Q

What is this slide stained with?

What stains magenta with this stain?

A
  • Hexose sugars
  • Goblet cell mucins
  • Cartilage matrixs
  • Glycogen
  • Basement membranes
  • Brush border
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5
Q

What is this slide stained with?

What stains:

  • Purple
  • Red/pink
  • Pale blue
  • Dark blue
A

Purple = chromatin/nuceli and netrophil granules

Red/pink = Erythrocytes/eosin granules

Pale blue = Lymphocyte/monocyte plasma

Dark blue/purple = Basophil granules

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6
Q

What is this stained with?

What stains:

Dark blue

Pale blue

Bright purple

A

Toludine blue

Dark blue = nuclei/ribosomes

Pale blue = cytoplasm

Bright purple = cartliage/matrix/mast cell and GAG rich

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7
Q

What is this slide stained with?

What stains:

Pink Red

Yellow/Olive green

Dark brown

A

Van giesons trichrome with haemotoxylin counter stain

Pink red = collagen

Cell cytoplasm = yellow/olive green

Nuclei = black

Elastic tissue = dark brown

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8
Q

What is this slide stained with?

What stains blue with this stain?

A

Haemotoxylin

  • Nuclei
  • RNA
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9
Q

What is this slide stained with?

A

Silver stain

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10
Q

Describe neurones?

A

Neurones are large

25-60 microns

Because of the thickness of slides cannot see all processes

1 to 5 dentritic processes

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11
Q

Where is the epithelium from?

What type of epithelium is it and describe it?

A

From the gall bladder

Simple columnar

  • Height > width
  • Oval nucelus
  • Longer axis perpendicular to base of the cell
  • Often microvilli or cilia at the apical membrane
  • GUT ENTEROCYTES and RESPIRATORY TRACT
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12
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

Describe?

A

Intestinal epithelium

  • Enterocytes with goblet cells
  • Epithelia sit on BM permeability barrier between epithelium and connective tissue
  • Microvilli at the apical surface (brush border)
  • Brush border increases surface area
  • Small intestine = simple columnar

Larger intestine > goblet cells

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13
Q

What is this a slide of?

What stain has been used?

A

Microvilli/intestinal

Stained with PAS and haematoxylin

  • Microvilli with carbohydrate rich glcocaylx
  • Goblet cells and basement membrane rich in hexose
  • The stain is magenta
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14
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

  • Square
  • Round nucleus
  • Ducts at exocrine glands: sweat glands, salivary, pancreas and kidney tissue
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15
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Squamous (serosa at outer wall of intestine)

  • Outer surface of most thoracic and abdominal organs
  • Simple squamous epthielum = serosa
  • Also lines pleura and peritoneal cavities
  • Air sacs of lungs
  • Flattened
  • Cylindrical ellpitical nuclei at the base
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16
Q

What type of epthielium is this where is it founf?

A

Stratified squamous non keratinsing epithlium (left is mouth)

Found in:

  • Mouth
  • Throat
  • Oesophagus
  • Anus
  • Vagina
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17
Q

What type of epthielium is this?

Where is it found

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

  • Epidermis
  • Lower layers are similar to stratified squamous
  • Upper layers synthesise a unique collection of proteins - interact with cytoskeleton of cell to produce keratin
  • Keratin: a dense protein that fills the cytoplasms of cells = tough and waterproof
  • When the cell is full of keratin they die and are sloughed off

Left = Hairless skin at lower lip

pink = dead keratinised squames

Boundary later with blue keratohyaline granules STRATUM GRANULOSUM

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18
Q

What type of epthlium is this?

Where is it found?

A

Pseudostratified

Multilayered but stretches when flattened

Slide = trachea

Also found in urinary tract

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19
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Caridiac muscle (myocardium)

  • Branching chains of cardiac myocytes (15 x 100 microns)
  • Striations (myofibrils and repeat sarcolemmas)
  • Dark intercalated disks
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20
Q

How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal?

A

Structurally

  • Branched mononuclear with no stem cells

Phyisologically

  • Contract and relax without rest, secrete hormones (ANP when stretech excessively, increases water/Na+/K+ excretion and inhibits RAAS)
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21
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Intercalated disk

With desmosomes and adherant junctions (stick)

With gap junctions (electrical coupling)

Disc = Black

Myofibril = Blue/black

MIT/RBC = red

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22
Q

What are the functions of the intercalated discs?

A

Desomosomes anchor one cardiac muscle to the next by immediate cytoskeleton filaments

Gap junctions allow ion transfer between cardiac muscle - electrochemical coupling not cardiac conduction!

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23
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Purkinje fibres (with PAS proceedure - magenta)

  • Large modified muscles
  • Large vacuoles
  • Few myofibrils therefore pale H and E
  • Stores of glyocogen (PAS)

Cardiac conduction

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24
Q

Describe valves?

A
  • Thick collagen with occasional elastic tissue
  • Both surfaces with endothelial cells
  • Chordae tendinae = Fibrous
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25
Q

Describe pericardium?

A
  • Single layer of mesothelial cells on the basement membrane with thin loose elastic/ fiberous tissue
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26
Q

Describe endocardium?

A
  • Single layer on the heart
  • Endothelial cellls are on the basement membrane with thin loose elastic/fiberous tissue
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27
Q

What is the slide showing?

A

Artery = Left

Vein = right

3 layers

  1. INTIMA (innermost)
    - endothelial cells on loose connective tissue with occasional myo-intimal cells
  2. MEDIA (middle)
    - smooth muscle, elastic and collagen
  3. ADVENTITIA (outermost)
    - dense collagen and elastic
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28
Q

What is the slide showing?

A

Muscular artery

  • Well defined medial later (smooth muscle in concentric rings)
  • Medial layer interspersed with elastic
  • Media/intima divide = Wavy internal elastic lamina
  • Adventitia = thick strands of collagen/elastic with vasa varsorum and nerves
  • Adventitia/media divide = external elastic lamina only in large muscular
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29
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

An artey with plaque and thrombus stained with iron haemotoxylin

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30
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Elastic artery with mallory’s stain

  • Elastic = red
  • Collagen and muscle = blue
  • Medial layer thick with concetric SHEETs of elastic interspersed with smooth muscle
  • As vessels enlarge - contain their own blood supply = vasa vasorum

At the top = intima then i.e. vascular endothelial cells on basement membrane

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31
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Arterioles

  • 3 layers of fewer of muscle at the media
  • No internal elastic lamina therefore may completely close when the muscles contracts
  • Poor adventitia - mainly collagen and elastin

Function: highly responsive to vasoactive stimuli - regulation of peripheral resistace

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32
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Glandular acinus at the rectal mucosa

  • Lined by enterocytes and goblet vells
    n. b. mucosa does not ever contain blood vessels
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33
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Mature adipose with capillaries

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34
Q

Describe capillaries?

A
  • Sometimes have contractile pericytes
  • Continous or fenestrated

Diameter is the size of an erythrocyte

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35
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Enodthelial cells (electron micrograph)

  • Specialised: released vasoactive substances
  • Capillary at the centre - wall = 1 micron
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36
Q

Function of endothelial cells?

A
  1. Influence muscle tone
  2. Coagulation
  3. Produce cell adhesion molecules - influence lymphocyte/neutrophil migration
  4. AT of molecules acroos the cytoplasm
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37
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Venules

  • Thin walled
  • Pericytes alongside them
  • Pericytes become continuous as the vessel gets bigger
  • In veins there are no pericytes, replaced by smooth muscle
  • Irregular outline
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38
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Veins, top left x2

  • Same layers as arteries but thinner and poor boundaries
  • Irregular outline, large lumen and therefore same blood at lower pressure
  • Wider lumen than arterioles but slower flow therefore same vol/sec
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39
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Large veins

  • Thick wall
  • Distinct intima/media layer
  • Medial later with longitudinal smooth muscle
  • Adventitia - thick with longitudinally arranged muscle fibres
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40
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Lymph vessels

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41
Q

Describe lymph vessels?

A
  • Pink staining blood plasma and valves
  • Small = like cappillaires
  • Large = like veins
  • Walls = connective tissuse with some muscle
  • Less pressure than in venules
  • Somtimes lymphocytes
  • Transports antigens and activates lymphocytes from tissue to lymph nodes and resident macrophages
  • Drains excess fluid from tissue
  • No nlood
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42
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

RBCs stained with leshimans stain - a type of romanovsky smears

  • 44% of blood
  • 4-5 million per microlitre
  • Anucleate = leads to biconcavity
  • lifespan = 120 days
  • 7.5 microns
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43
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Reticulocytes

  • Mature RBCs loose cytoplasm and nucleus
  • Reticulocytes = immature RBC with some visible ribosomes, i.e. some dark staining granules
  • <1% of circulating RBCs
  • Increased number iwth increased RBC production in blood loss
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44
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Eosinophils (romanovsky/leishman’s)

  • 2 to 3 lobed nucleus
  • Bright pink granules
  • Acidophils
  • Circulation for a few hours
  • 5% of 1%
  • Diurnal = highest in the morning
  • Phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes associated with parsitic infection
  • Neutralise histamine
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45
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

NEUTROPHILS (leishmans stain)

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

  • Multi lobar nucleus
  • Most numerous (40-70% of 1%)
  • Phagocytic
  • Engulf and destory bacteria
  • Leave blood stream to enter tissue at the infection site
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46
Q

Describe granulocytes?

A

Fine granules = Granulocytes

  1. Primary - lysosomes, acid hydrolases, antibacterial and digest
  2. Secondary - neutrophil specific, regulation of the inflammation response
  3. Teritiary - facilitate the insertion of proteins to cell membranes
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47
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

BASOPHILS

  • Not multilobar
  • Dark blue granules which appear to fill the cell
  • Least common 1% of 1%
  • Similar role to mast cells
  • Secrete histamine and other vasoactive substances - increased blood flow locally
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48
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

LYMPHOCYTES

  • Small cells with dark staining nucleus
  • 20-50% of 1% (most common non granulocyte)
  • B and T indistinguishable
  • Immature grow to be bigger than RBC, smaller than granulocytes
  • Mature are roughy of equal size to granulocytes
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49
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

MONOCYTE

  • Kidney shaped nucleus
  • No granules
  • Pale blue cytoplasm
  • Immature cells with differentiate to various forms when the leave the blood and enter the connective tissue
  • Many diff to a macrophage

In the blood and alveolar spaces

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50
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

PLATELETS

  • Smaller than a red cell
  • Anucleate
  • Fragments
  • From mutlinuclear megakaryocytes
  • Blue
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51
Q

4 types of platelet granules?

A
  1. Alpha - clotting
  2. Dense
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Peroxisomes - elimation of oxygen radicals
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52
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Muscular artery

  • Circumferential smooth muscle at the media
  • When this contracted reduces the diameter of .vessel
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53
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Elastic tissue (elastic van giesons with iron haemotoxylin counter stain)

  • Elastic tissue is in tube like sheets - elastic lamina
  • Elastic = black
  • Smooth muscle = mushroom
  • Collagen = pink
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54
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

RESPIRATORY EPITHLIUM stained with toludine bone

SIMPLE/PSEUDOSTRATIFIEF COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHLIUM

  • Nuclei and ribosomes = dark blue
  • Cytoplasm = blue
  • Non ciliated goblet cells
  • Underlying tissue rich in BVS and seromucous glands
  • Mucous prevents the dehydration of epithelium and traps partical matter
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55
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

NOSE (H&E and Alcian blue)

  • Mucous/cartilage = blue
  • Central bone plate = pink
  • Respiratory epithelium either side
  • Thin walled blood vessels between epithlium and bone
  • Mucous containing goblet cells stain bright blue
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56
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

NOSE

  • Similar cillated respiratory epithelium except at the opening
  • Concha covered in respiratory epithelium
  • Swell bodies - thin arterioles/venules deep to the epithelium
  • Thin skin allows the escape of water moistening air
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57
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

  • Roof of the nose below the cribiform plate
  • Pseudo-stratified columnar epithlium with basla and sustenacular (supporting cells)
  • Bipolar neurons - dentric processes to surface
  • Serous glands to surface( solvent to odourous substances)
  • Thicker than respiratory epithelium

Speicialised cells = Bowman’s glands - small serous glands below the olfactory epithelium

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58
Q

What are sustenacular cells?

A

Tall narrrow cells in contact with basement membrane of olfactory epithelium

Bulky cytoplasm near lumen

Cytoplasm acculumates yellow/brown pigment

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59
Q

What does this slide show?

A

LARYNX

Respiratory epithelium except at the vocal folds

Vocal folds - stratefied squamous epithelium = more robust to with stand vibration

Below epiglottis larynx = 2 sets of folds

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60
Q

Describe the vocal folds?

A

Vocal folds

  • Contain the free upper margin of elastic tissue (conus elasticus)
  • Tensioned by voluntary skeletal muscle = vocalis muscle

FALSE FOLDS - upper = resp type

VESTIBULE - between = resp type

TRUE FOLDS = stratified squamous epithelium

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61
Q

What is shown on this slide?

A

TRACHEA

Pseudo-stratified, cilliated, columnar epithlium

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62
Q

What is shown on this slide?

A

VOCAL CORDS

stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What is the green arrow pointning to?

What is the red arrow pointing to?

A

Vocal folds

Green arrow pointing to seromucous glands

Red arrow pointing to voluntary skeletal muscle

64
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What is it showing?

A

TRACHEA

  • n.b. in lower lung may obserbve C shaped rings of cartilage and oesophagus
  • Lumen of the trachea = top
  • C shaped cartilage = bottom
  • Epithelium = pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Note serous glands visible which secrete to the surface
  • With h&e goblet cells stain white
65
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What is it showing?

A

BRONCHUS

  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Held open by hyaline cartilage framework (dark stain) which appear as isolated glands
  • Smooth muscle band under epithelium
  • Lymph nodules (MALT- mucosa associated lymph tissue) at connective tissue
66
Q

Where is this slide from?
What is this slide showing?

A

TRACHEA

  • Left arrow points to MALT nodule
  • Right arrow boinds to smooth muscle band

Lymph node = discrete, encapsulated collection of lymphoid tissue

Malt nodule = no capsule, intimately related to epithelium

67
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What is it showing?

A

BRONCHIOLES

  • <1mm
  • Simple ciliated respiratory epithelium
  • No hyaline cartilage
  • Smooth muscle
  • Lymph nodes
  • Closely associated with arteries and veins
  • NO GOBLET CELLS

Unlikely bronchi may be constrictied by smooth muscle as there is no cartilage

68
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What type of epithelium?

A

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE

Simple cuboidal epithelium

69
Q

Describe terminal bronchioles?

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Sparsely ciliated
  • Clara cells - many large ribosomes, ER, and granules - function is secretory and synthetic
  • Sphincter like smooth muscle ring
70
Q

Describe respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Larger than terminal bronchioles = beginning of the respiratory portion of the lung
71
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What type of epithelium?

A

ALVEOLI

  • Walls = capillaries between SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
  • Fibroblasts in the walls = Produce type 3 collagen (reticulin) and elastic tissue (recoil)
  • 70% of SA <1mm
  • Adjoing alveoli connected by pores = equal inflation
72
Q

Describe type 1 and type 2 pnuemocytes?

A

TYPE 1 CELLS thin

  • Flat cells, flat nuclei 40% population, 90% surface area

TYPE 2 CELLS globular

  • Secretes surfactant (lipid rich) 60% population, 10% surface area, rounded, round dark staining nuclei
73
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What is it showing?

A

ALVEOLI - ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
- Free roam in the alveoli = phagocytose particulate matter and cell debris

  • From monocytes in the blood
  • Other macrophages stay in the lung substance and engulf material that enters the alveoli wall
  • Contains black ingested dust particles (carbon)

ALVEOLAR: enter terminal/resp bronchioles and pass to lymphatics or to be transported to mucocillary escalator

FIXED/SEPTAL: remain in the interstitium between cells and tissue

74
Q

What is this slide showing?

What is:

A

BL

EP and EP1

G

A

Type 2 pneumocyte

A - alveolus

BL - basement membrane

EP and EP1 - type 1 pnemocyte

G - surfactant containing granules

75
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Pulmonary blood vessels

  • Large pulmonary blood vessels accompanying bronchi
  • Indistinguishable from systemic counterparts EXCEPT large pulmonary arteries which what longitudinally running elastic fibres in walls
  • Large pulmonary beins with clearly defiined medial layer of muscle and elastic tissue and well defined
76
Q

Where is this slide from?

What type of epithelium is it?

A

LIP

Mucosa = typical of the mouth stratified squamous non keratinsing epithlium

At the margin - abrupt transition to skin stratified squamous keratinsing epithlium

Connective tissue - submucosa = collagen and elastin

Deeper layers - glands and striated skeletel muscle (change in the shape of the oral cavity)

Small blood vessels @ submusoa helps to keep moist

77
Q

Where is this slide from?

What type of epithlium is it?

A

LIP - TRANSITION

Transition from lower stratified squamous non keratinsing epithlium to upper stratefied squamous keratinsing epithlium

78
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What type of epithelium?

A

INNER LIP

  • stratified squamous non keratinsing epithlium
  • Small clumps of salivary tissue
  • Sebaceous glands (fordyce’s spots) open to surface rather than hair follicles
79
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

A

Hair follicle from the keratinised surface of the lip

80
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What type of epithlium is shown?

A

Tongue

  • Stratified squamous non keratinsing epithlium on ventral surface (lower)
  • Stratified squamous keratinsing epithlium on dorsal surface (upper) - constant abrasion

Coarse multi directional skeletal muscle bundles

Intrinsic fibres: Skel muscle inserts to the fiberous connective tissue underlying muscosa

Extrinsic fibres: skel muscle inserts into lower jaw

Mixed sero-mucous salivary glands

Lymph nodules - particularly at posterior 1/3 of the tongue

81
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What type of epithlium?

A

TONGUE - UPPER SURFACE
- Stratified squamous keratinising epithilium

  • Connective tissue
  • 2 types of salivary gland
  • Large bundles of striated muscle
82
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

A

TONGUE - SEROUS GLANDS

  • More pink staining
  • Small serous salivary glands
  • Cluster of grapes
  • Nucelus on base
83
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

A

TONGUE - MUCUS GLANDS

  • Small salivary mucus glands
  • Mucous = pale
84
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

A

2 Paler staining tastebuds embedded in opposing sides of adjacent fungiform papillae

  • Dorsal tongue surface: complex folds = papillae sweet (tip), salty (front/side), sour (further back) bitter (whole back)
85
Q

Describe the three different types of pappilae?

A
  1. FILIFORM PAPILLAE (thread like) - most common, tall, pointed at whole anterior 2/3
  2. FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE (mushroom like) - at the top and sides and at the lateral side fungiform papillae = pale single, spindle shaped taste buds with nerve/synaptic vesicles
  3. CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE (V-shaped row) at marger anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3
86
Q

Where is this slide taken from and what is it showing?

A

PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND (SEROUS ONLY)

  • Striated duct (top left)
  • Surrounded by serous acini
  • Synthesise alpha amylase
  • Secreted via ducts to the mouth
  • Ducts can alter ionic concentrations
    1. Branches of the facial nerve pass through the gland
    2. Large lymph nodes embedded within the gland

SECRETORY CELLS

Pyramidal, spherical nucleus, basal cytoplasm full of rER, apex contains prominent secretory granules (pink staining)

DUCT CELLS

Simple cuboidal (stratfied at the distal end)

87
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What is C ?

What is D?

A

Parotid gland

C is a nerve

D is a large lymph node

Inset is a close up of a lymph node

Parotid saliva contains IgA (from plasma), combines with proteinous pieces so reaches the intestine unmodified by amylase

Striated duct from invaginations indicative of water reabsorption

88
Q

Where is this slide from?

What is it showing?

A

SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLAND

  • Pale staining secretory cells
  • Darker staining duct with simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Flattened oval nucleus at the base of cells
  • Branched tubular acinar glands
  • Sticky mucus rich secretion
  • Major constituent = polysaccharides
89
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

What is it showing?

A

SUBLINGUAL GLAND = PSNS GANGLION

Many nerve cell bodies

Involved heavily in secretion regulation

90
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS

  • Well defined / globular
  • Branched tubulo-acinar
  • Interspersed with fat adipose
  • Mixed secretion - part mucus, part enzyme rich

DEMI LUNES - serous cells form demi lunes at the closed end of tubules

91
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Lymph nodule within submandibular gland

92
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

EPIGLOTTIS

  • At posterior of the tongue
  • Boundary of oropharynx and laryngeal pharynx
  • Mostly stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium
  • Lower part is posterior - pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithlium

BOX A = buccal surface - faces mouth

93
Q

What is contained within the epiglottis?

A
  1. Elastic cartilage
  2. Lymph nodules
  3. Salivary glands
94
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

EPIGLOTTIS

Stratified squamous non keratinsing epithelium

95
Q

What is X?

A

A taste bud surrounded by squamous epithelium

96
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

SUBLINGUAL GLAND

  • Mucinous acini
  • Basally located nuclei
  • Ducted lined by cuboidal/columnar epithlium

Michael Palin = Mucus Pale

97
Q

What is this slide showing?

A
  • Serous glands at the bottom
  • Mucus glands at the top
  • This is mixed

THEREFORE THIS IS A SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

98
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

This is purely serous (granules)

This a a partoid gland

THEREFORE IT CONTAINS BRANCHES OF THE FACIAL NERVE

99
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosa - innermost
    - 3 comps: epithelium (folded), connective tissue (lamina propria with lymphiod), smooth muscle ring (muscularis mucosa?
  2. Submucosa
    - Loose connective tissue, glands and lymphoid tissue, many blood vessels, MEISSNER’S PLEXUS (enteric nervous system)
  3. External muscle coat (muscularis externa)
    - 2 layers of smooth muscle that propel food, between layers = AUERBACHS PLEXUS
  4. SEROSA
    - Simple squamous epthelium
100
Q

What is this slide showing?

What type of epithelium?

A

OESOPHAGUS

  • Stratefied squamous non keratinising epithelium
  • Think lamina propria
  • Narrow muscularis mucosa

BELOW DIAPHRAGM

  • simple columnar (same as gastric in stomach
  • site of pathological change
101
Q

Describe submucosa and muscularis externa of oesophagus?

A

Sub mucosa: Sero-mucinous glands (lubrication), large thin walled vessels (@ the distal end - oesophageal varicostities)

Muscularis externa:

Upper 1/3 = skeletal

Middle 1/3 = mixed

Lower 1/3 = smooth

102
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

Describe the stomach?

A

STOMACH 4 regions: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

  • Cardia and body histologically similar wit w.r.t glands
  • Mucosa folds into rugae
  • Simple columnar epithelium punctuated by gastric pits (gastric gland drainage)
  • Mucularis externa = 3 layers tihck
  • Additional oblique muscle fibres for churning
103
Q

Describe gastric glands?

A

Tubular at the mucosa

Fill the lamina propria

3 main cell types:

  1. Parietal (HCl and intrinsic factor)
  2. Chief cells (dig enzymes - pepsin)
  3. Mucus neck cells (lubricant and acid resistant mucus)
    - Full glands at the body and fundus
    - No parietal cells or chief cells at cardia and pylorus
104
Q

Where is this slide from?

What type of epithelium?

A

STOMACH BODY - GASTRIC MUCOSA

  • Simple columnar epithelium produce acid resistant mucin
  • Gastric pit invaginations = gree n arroves
  • Several tall, straight or branched glands to each pit
  • Submucosa = loose connective tissue with abundant vessels
  • Muscularis externa = 3 layers of smooth muscle

Muscularis mucosa also contains elastic (black) to stop stomach collapse on emptying

105
Q

Where is this slide from and what is it showing?

A

PARIETAL (OXYNTIC CELLS)

  • A tgastric glands body/fundus
  • Upper part of gland close to the pits
  • Globular - stain bright pink with H and E
  • Cell surface invaginated (intracellular canaliculi)
  • Rich in carbonic anyhydrase
106
Q

Where is this slide from and what is it showing?

A

CHEIF CELLS

  • Pyramidal at the deeper gland
  • Cytoplasm - blue with H and E - contains granules (pepsinogen/lipases)
  • At the body and the fundus
  • Close to the muscularis mucosa

PEPSIN = affinity for collagen

107
Q

Where is this slide from and what is it showing?

A

PYLORIC REGION

  • Cardiac and pyloric glands shorter
  • Glands collected
  • Mainly mucus neck cells
  • Scettered with cells producing gastrin
108
Q

What is this slide showing

A

Gastroduodenal junction

109
Q

Describe the villi and crypts?

A

Intestinal lining - folds = pilcae circularis (highest in jejun lowest in distal colon)

Further surface area will increase - villi

VILLI: simple columnar epthiul with a short life but are replaced by the crypt population

Villi contain: venule, arteriole, lacteal, smooth muscle

Ventule and lacteal to the liver

CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN: between villi and stem population, migrate to the top and are shaved off (5 days)

110
Q

What is this slide showing?

Describe

A

Enterocytes

  • Major absorptive cell
  • 300 short microvilli in apical surface - BRUSH BORDER
  • Outer surface of brush border = glycocalx filter
  • Most nutrients absorbed through this
  • Water and glucose absorbed via some intracellular pathways

High concentrations of hexose suhars mean brush border stains intesely with PAS (MAGENTA )

111
Q

Where is this slide from?

Describe?

A

DUODENUM

  • 12 inches, few plicae circularis
  • Villi - broad and leave like
  • Few goblet cells
  • Submucosa contains mucus secreting BRUNNERS GLAND -alkaline secretion neutralises chyme

Brunners gland = bottom right

Few pale stained goblet cells

Long crypts

112
Q

Where is this slide from?

Describe?

A

DUODENUM

  • Crypts form new enterocytes and goblet cells
  • Dividing cells have very dark staining nuclei or sets of chromosomes
  • At the bottom of crypts = differentiated paneth cells
  • Secrete lysozyme - breakdown of bacterial cell walls
  • Regulate flora of the gut
  • Bright pink cytoplasmic granules
113
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

Describe?

A

JEJUNUM

  • Closesly packed plicae circularis
  • MANY goblet cells
  • Long narrow villi
  • Short crypts
  • Loos submucosa
  • No bruners gland
  • Lymph nodules at lamina propria but do not penetrate submucosa
114
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

Describe?

A

ILEUM

  • Final segement of small intestine therefore fewer plicae and shorter villi
  • Goblet cells increase towards the distal end
  • Large PEYERS PATCES at submcosa
115
Q

Where is this slide taken from?

A

ILEUM .

Serosa - simple squamous on the edge of longitudinal muscle highlighted

116
Q

What is this slide showing?

Describe?

A

VERMIFORM APPENDIX

  • From caecum
  • Simple columnar
  • Goblet cells
  • No villi
  • Simple crypts
  • Lamina propria and submucosa full of lymphoid tissue
  • No musuclaris mucosa
  • Muscularis externa present
  • Transverse smooth muscle at the muscularis extera= taenia colis
  • Fat filled
117
Q

What is this slide showing?

Describe

A

APPENDIX

  • Simple columnar
  • Rudimentary crypts few goblet cells
  • Lamina propria at sub mucosa full of lymphoid tissue
118
Q

What is this slide showing?

Describe

A

COLON (close packed crypts abundant goblet cells)

  • All segements similar histologically
  • Little folding
  • No villi
  • Mucosa contains close packed crypts with abduntant goblet cells and enterocytes
  • Restricted lamina propria
  • Prominent muscularis muscoa
  • Muscularis externa = thickened inner circular later, outer layer drawn into three longitudinal bands TAENIAE COLI
119
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

RECTO ANAL JUNCTION

  • Rectum = similar to colon
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Anal canal = stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised at the end as lip)
120
Q

What is this slide showing?

Box B?

Box D?

A

RECTO ANAL JUNCTION

  • Box B = striated muscle of sphincter
  • Box D = anal glands
121
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Villous

Submucosa with Brunners glanfs

Duodenal epithelium contains some lymphocytes between epithlium

DUODENUM

122
Q

What is this slide showing?

A
  • All of this fits on a microscopic slide therefore not colon
  • Flat mucosa with no villi
  • Abundant lymphoid tissue in lamina propria and submucosa
  • Lack a muscularis mucosa
  • Recieves blood supply from superior mesenteric artery

VERMIFORM APPENDIX

123
Q

What is this slide showing?

A
  • Flat surface
  • No villi
  • Numerous straight crypts
  • Abundant goblet cells
  • Prominent muscularis mucosa
  • Stem cells at the base of crypts

COLONIC MUCOSA

124
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

LIVER

  • Hepatic portal system recieves nutrients
  • Main cells = hepatocytes
  • 4 Lobes
  • Polygonal lobules of cells
  • Each lobule with central vein and radiating hepatocytes
  • Between cords = sinusoids bathe hepatocytes in a mix of venous and arterial blood
  • Blood drains from each lobule via central vein = hepatic
125
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

LOBULE

Small muscular arterole = top left

Venule = bottom

Bile ductule = top right

  • Cords of hepatocytes
  • Sinusoids (wide thin fenestrated capillaries) = 70% portal venous blood, 30% portal arterial blood
  • Portal triads at corners of the lobules
  • Arteriole (hepatic artery), venule (hepatic portal vein), bile duct

Hepatocytes store: glycogen and tryglycerides

126
Q

What are the main functions of hepatocytes?

A
  1. Creation/store of energy as glycogen and fat
  2. Synthesise plasma protiens
  3. De-amination of amino acids and production of urea
  4. Uptake, synthesis, excretion of bilirubin and bile acids
  5. Detox and inactivation of drugs by oxidation, methylation or conjugation
127
Q

Where is this liver from?

What are green arrows pointing to?

A

Liver

Cords of hepatocytes with paler staining sinusoids between

Nuceli of endothelial sinusoidal cells smaller and darker than that of hepatocytes

  • wide thin walled fenestrated capillaries
  • endothelial cells interspersed with:

1. Kupffer cells = fixed macrophages

2. ITO cells - perisinuosoidal cells

  • too thin to resolve
  • sit on a meshwork of reticulin (collagen 3)
  • separated from hepatocyte cords by the SPACE OF DISSE
128
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Kupffer cells in the lining of the endothelium

  • Phagocytose blood borne pathogens
  • Part production of billirubin

Kupffer cells in slide have taken up blue/black ink

Line cords between staining pink hepatocytes

129
Q

What is this slide showing?

Gl?

Mi?

N?

RER?

A

Hepatocyte ultrastructure

  • GI = glycogen
  • Mi = mitochondria
  • N = nucleus
  • RER = rough endoplasmic reticulum

sinusoidal membrane contains transport mechs for pinocytotic release of macromolecules canalicular membrane is target for bile discharge well developed rER - synthesis plasma proteins sER - inactivation of drugs (enzymes) glycogen particle rosettes and lipid droplets present n.b. peripheral hepatocytes are more active and exposed to more glucose first also hepatocytes at centre are depleted of glycogen first

130
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

GALL BLADDER

  • Billary tree = all cuboidal epthelium
  • Smaller vessels = simple
  • Distal end = Stratified
131
Q

Describe gall bladder epithelium?

A
  • Simple columnar with poor brush border
  • Adapted for water reabsorption
  • Epithelium (on submucosa) thrown into folds (not villi)
  • Gallstones may be present at the lumen
  • Large veins in wall (in image)
  • Smooth muscle outer surface
  • Serosa visible at the top (simple squamous)
    n. b gall bladder contracts by CCK
132
Q

What is is this slide showing?

A

EXOCRINE PANCREAS

Arrows - centroacinar cells

  • Exocrine = mass of gland
  • Serous (watery/enzyme rich)
  • Digestive enzymes are from the same cell, secretion granules at upper part of the cell
  • Enzymes released as food enters the duodenum
  • Enzymes activated by alkaline enviornment of duodenum
133
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

PANCREAS

  1. Pacinian corpuscle - pressure sensor in the pancreaas
  2. Nerve plexus with vagus nerve

Also contains islets of langerhans

134
Q

What is this slide showing?

A
  • Each acinus has a narrow intercalated duct
  • IDs connect acinus to main duct
  • Larger ducts - 1/2 main duct that enter duodenum with bile duct

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM THAT IS STRATIFIED AT THE END

135
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Portal triad alternative

136
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

What are the other contractiles?

A

Smooth - visceral, any body organs and blood vessels

Skeletal - voluntary, mainly attached to bony skeleton, striated

Cardiac - only at heart branching/striated

Other contractiles:

  1. Pericytes(along some BVs)
  2. Myofibroblasts (scar formation)
  3. Myoepithelial cells (milk @ lactate)
137
Q

What is the slide showing?

A

Smooth muscle

  • Discrete cells with cell junctions
  • Longitudinal - fusiform with cylindrical nuclei
  • Transverse - round cell and nucleu
  • Central nucleus - no striations

NOT ORGANISED INTO SACROMERES .

  • Anchored to cell membrane in clumbs

Electrically coupled via GAP JUNCTIONS

  • surface receptors for hormonal stimuli
138
Q

Describe smooth muscle arrangement and gap junctions?

A
  • Each junction = 6 connection proteins

vital for coordinated contraction

Guarded central pore - small mols pass form one cell to the next = electrical coupling

139
Q

Define: Sacromere?

A

A regular repeat structure within myofibrils = interdigited actin and myosin

140
Q

Define: myofibril?

A

Small intracellular fibril, sacromeres joined end to end

141
Q

Define: muscle fibre?

A

Fusion of many myocytes with 100s of myofibrils, surrounded by common plasmalemma

Behaves as a single cell - many nuclei

142
Q

Define: fasiculus?

A

Bundle of muscle fibres surrounded by connective tissue

143
Q

Define:

Endomysium

Perimysium

Epimysium

A

Endomysium - a lace work of connective tissue between muscle fibres

Perimysium - surrounds group of fibres to form a fasciculus

Epimysium - connective tissue around fasciculi to form muscles

144
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Muscle fibre and longitudinal skeletal muscle

  • Long unbranched
  • Many nuclei
  • Longitudinally = nuclei at fibre edges
  • Transversely = aggregated to fasciculi, nuclei at edge

Left = tongue

EXTRINSIC FIBRES = poke out of mouth

INTRISIC FIBRES = manipulate food

145
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Skeletal muscle - transverse

  • loosely aggregated to fasiculi by perimysium
  • Nuclei at periphery of fibre
  • Skeletal muscle individually innervated in motor units
  • Mitachondria between muscle fibrils within muscle fibres

May see glycogen and lipid droplets

146
Q

What is this slide showing and what is it stained with?

A

Sarcomere

Iron haematoxylin

  • Unit structure of sacromere
  • Z line to Z line
  • in contraction shortens by up to 1/3

Myofibrils run parallel with sacromeres in register = STRIATIONS

147
Q

What is contained wit?

I band?

A band?

H band?

A

I band = actin only

A band = actin and myosin

H band - myosin only (with m line)

SARCOMERES JOINED END TO END AND SIDE TO SIDE AT Z LINE

148
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

  • Discrete rectangular cells that are joined end to end
  • Cental nuclei
  • Branching
  • Connected by intercalated discs that hold cell in place physically and electrically couple
    1. Desmosomes
    2. Adherent junctions
    3. Gap junctions

Aerobic respiration only many mitachondria, dont have own nerve supply

149
Q

Describe sarcomeres?

A

When stimulated actin fibres slide within the A band

  • Brings the z line closer together
  • Shortens the sacromere by up to 30% extrinsic work
  • Tension increases intrinsic work

Structural protein = titin

Upper fibril = contractile

Lower fibril = structural

150
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE LONGITUDINAL

Slide is from tongue

  • Each skeletal muscle fibre = hundreds of myoblasts fuse to syncitium
  • Each fibre = many nuclei under plasmalemma at side of fibre - DISTINGUISHING PINT .
    n. b. small fasicicles usually dneote small motor units = fine control
151
Q

What is this slide showing ?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TRANSVERSE

  • polygonal pink fibres
  • arranged in clumps fasicicles

NOTE note all skeletal muscle is attached to bone - when skeletal musvle are attached together by fibrous connective tissue = raphe

152
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE BANDING - IRON HAEMATOXYLIN

  • I band = pale, predominantly actin
  • Z line = at the centre of I band
  • A band = darker staining = MYOSIN RICH

A band is not actin

@ the centre of each A band = paler H band with M line

I stands for isotropic

A stands for anisotropic

153
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

FIBRE ARRANGEMENT LONGITUDINAL •

Striations (myofibrils and repeat sarcolemmas)
Dark = A band
Light = I band
Z lines connected

IN REGISTER *between myofibrils = mitochondria and elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum DYSTROPHIN - binds actin to plasmalemma of muscle cells - structural integrity

154
Q

What is this slide showing?

A

Fibre arangement transverse

  • Actin and myosin = dots

Between myofibrils may see parts of Z tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

PHASE 1 (7 decks)

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