Pass medicine Flashcards
1
Q
Loss of taste to the anterior 1/3 of the tongue may indicate a lesion to which cranial nerve?
A
CN IX
2
Q
What actions are directly caused by angiotensin II?
A
Stimulates thirst
Increased proximal tubule Na+/H+ activity
Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
Stimulates ADH release
3
Q
What is an action caused by oestrogen?
A
Proliferation of endometrium
Causes LH surge
4
Q
What is an action caused by progesterone?
A
Responsibly for spiral artery formation
5
Q
What is an action caused by renin?
A
Angiotensin I to angiotensin II
6
Q
Genitalia dermatome
A
S2, S3
7
Q
Loss of gag reflex may indicate a lesion to which CN?
A
CN X
8
Q
A dilated fixed pupil may indicate a lesion to which of the cranial nerves?
A
CN III
- Dilated fixed pupil
- Down and out eye
- Ptosis
9
Q
Ptosis may indicate a lesion to which nerve?
A
CN III
10
Q
Defective eye abduction and diplopia may indicated a lesion to which of the following cranial nerves?
A
CN VI
- Defective eye abduction and horizontal diplopia
11
Q
CN IV lesion?
A
Defective downwards gaze and vertical diplopia
12
Q
Actions causes by oxytocin?
A
Uterine contraction
13
Q
Actions causes by antidiuretic hormone?
A
Promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and by the insertion of the aquaporin 2 channels
14
Q
What increases Na+ reabsorption in the renal distal tubule?
A
Aldosterone
15
Q
Weakness in turning head to the contralateral side would be caused by?
A
CN XI accessory nerve
16
Q
What hormone increases the renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?
A
Parathyroid hormone
17
Q
Hyperkalaemia is most likely to stimulate the release of renin or aldosterone?
A
Aldosterone
18
Q
What increases Na+ reabsorption in the renal distal tubule?
A
Aldosterone
19
Q
What promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys by insertion of the aquaporin 2 channels?
A
ADH
20
Q
Loss of corneal reflex may indicate a lesion of which cranial nerve?
A
CN VII Facial
21
Q
Loss of taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue may be caused by a lesion to?
A
CN VII Facial
22
Q
Lesion to CN IX may cause what?
A
GlossoPharyngeal nerve lesion may cause:
- Loss of gag reflex
- Loss of taste to Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
- Flaccid paralysis to upper and lower face
23
Q
What hormone increases gluconeogenesis?
A
Cortisol
24
Q
Lesion to which cranial nerve may cause a nystagmus?
A
CN VIII
25
Lesion to which cranial nerve may cause a loss of corneal reflex?
CN V
26
What would a lesion to CN V cause?
- Loss of facial sensation
- Deviation of the jaw towards the side of the lesion
- Loss of corneal reflex
- Paralysis of muscles of mastication
27
Loss of facial sensation may include a lesion of which cranial nerve?
CN V
28
Is the pancreas intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
29
What hormones increase lipolysis?
- Cortisol
- Growth hormone
- Glucagon
30
What hormones decrease gastric emptying?
- CCK
| - Somatostatin
31
Tongue deviated to one side may indicate a lesion of which nerve?
CN XII
32
True or false? Does cortisol inhibit inflammatory response
True
33
Afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex?
CN II
34
A patient complains of pins and needles and pains around the thumb and index finger, worse at night.
This is a steriotypical injury to which nerve?
Median nerve
35
Stereotypical radial nerve injury?
A patient is notes to have a wrist drop following humerus injury
36
What hormones increase osteoclastic activity?
- Cortisol
- Parathyroid hormone
- 1,25 dihydroxylcholcaciferol
37
Big toe dermatome?
L5
38
Inguinal ligament dermatome?
L1
39
What hormone helps maintain endometrium and pregnancy?
Progesterone
40
What hormone upregulates oestrogen, progesterone and LH receptors?
Oestrogen
41
What is one of the effects of glucagon?
Increases glycogenolysis
42
What hormone increases gastric motility?
Gastrin
43
What hormones inhibit growth hormone secretion
- Glucagon
| - Somatostatin
44
Efferent limb of the jaw jerk?
CN V3
45
Through which foramina of the skull does the opthalamic nerve pass?
Superior orbital fissure
46
What effect does ACE inhibitor therapy have of on common renal measurements?
Decreased GFR
Increased renal plasma flow
Decrease in filtration fraction
47
The following glomerular dynamics would be typical of what?
Increased GFR
Increased renal plasma flow
No change in filtration fraction
Vasodilation of afferent arterioles
48
Oesophagus perforates the diaphragm at which spinal level?
T10
49
The thoracic duct perforates the diaphragm at which spinal level?
T12
50
What happens at the T12 spinal level?
Aorta perforates the diaphragm
Thoracic duct perforates the diaphragm
Azygous vein perforates the diaphragm
Coeliac trunk leaves the aorta
51
What level does the inferior vena cava perforate the diaphragm?
T8
52
What is the dermatome for the big toe?
L5
53
What is the dermatome for the lateral foot and little toe?
S1
54
Lesion of CN IV may result in?
Defective downwards gaze and vertical diplopia
55
What hormone increases proximal tubule Na+/N+ activity?
Angiotensin II
56
True or false? Cortisol decreases osteoclastic activity?
FALSE cortisol INCREASES osteoclastic activity
57
Deviated uvula from the side of the lesion may indicate al lesion to which cranial nerve?
CN X
58
What is more likely to stimulate the release of aldosterone:
Decreased renal perfusion
Hyperkalaemia
Hyperkalaemia
59
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce?
GFR - ACR
Zona Glomerulosa = aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata = Cortisol
Zona Reticularis = Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
60
What stimulates ADH release?
Angiotensin II
61
Would lesion of CN V causes a deviation of the jaw towards or away from the side of the lesion?
Towards
62
What hormone increases Na+ reabsorption in the renal distal tubule?
Aldosterone
63
What controls the corneal reflex?
CN VII Facial nerve
64
What hormone increases body temperature?
Progesterone
65
What hormone causes proliferation of the endometrium?
Oestrogen
66
What hormone causes an LH surge?
Oestrogen
67
Does uvula deviate towards or away from the side of the CN X lesion?
Away
68
Defective eye abduction and horizontal diplopia may indicate what lesion?
CN VI
69
What cells in the nervous system are responsible for physical repair?
Astrocytes
70
What are ependymal cells responsible for?
Providing the inner lining of the ventricles
71
What are astrocytes responsible for?
- Provides physical support
- Involved in physical repair
- Help form the blood pain barrier
- Removes excess potassium ions
72
What layer of the GI tract contains Meissners plexus?
Submucosa
73
What effect does angiotensin II have on common renal measurements?
Increases GFR
Decreased renal plasma flow
Increase in filtration fraction
74
What effect does NSAID therapy have on common renal measurements?
Decreased GFR
Decreased renal plasma flow
No change in filtration fraction
75
Which ligaments connects the uterine fundus to the labia majora?
Round ligament
76
What connects the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries to the pelvic wall?
Broad ligament
Contains ovaries, fallopian tubes and the round ligament
77
What connects the cervix to the pelvic wall?
Cardinal ligament
Contains uterine vessels
78
What ligament connects the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament of the ovaries
Contains ovarian vessels
79
What ligament connects the ovaries to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
80
What ligament connects the cervix and posterior vaginal dome to the sacrum?
Uterosacral ligament
81
Dermatome of knee caps?
L4
82
Dermatome of umbilicus?
T10
83
What hormone promotes development of genitalia?
Oestrogen
84
What are the sources of oestrogen?
Ovaries (oestradiol)
Placenta (estriol)
Blood (via aromatase)
85
What are the sources of progesterone?
Corpus luteum
Placenta
Adrenal cortex
86
Name all the functions of oestrogen? (8)
1. Proliferation of endometrium
2. Promotes development of genitalia
3. Promotes growth of follicle
4. Causes LH surge
5. Responsible for female fat distribution
6. Increases hepatic synthesis of transport proteins
7. Upregulates oestrogen, progesterone and LH receptors
8. Increases TBG levels §§
87
Name all of the functions of progesterone?
1. Maintenance of endometrium and pregnancy
2. Thickens cervical mucous
3. Decreases myometrial excitability
4. Increases body temperature
5. Responsible for spiral artey development
88
What cells produce myelin in the CNS?
Oligodendroglia
Produce myelin in the CNS and are affected in MS
89
What cells produce myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
Produce myelin in the CNs, are the cell type of acoustic neuromas, and affected in Guillain barre syndrome
90
What nerve affected in vertigo?
CN VIII
91
Efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex?
CN III
92
What is the predominant finding in the final repolarisation of cardiac action potential?
Efflux of potassium
93
What are the 5 phases of the cardiac action potential and their mechanisms?
0 Rapid depolarisation:
- Rapid Na+ influx
1 Early repolarisation:
- Efflux of potassium
2 Plateau:
- Slow influx of calcium
3 Final repolarisation:
- Efflux of potassium
4 Restoration of Na+/K+ ATPase
94
How long is a cardiac action potential?
200ms
95
Claw hand and hyperextended wrist after falling and catching themself with hand?
Lower trunk of the brachial plexus C8, T1
96
What nerve supplies extensor pollicis longus nerve?
Radial nerve
97
What action is directly caused by somatostatin?
Inhibits glucagon secretion
98
Claw hand following medial epicondyle fracture?
Ulnar nerve
99
What neural cells provide physical support?
Astrocytes
100
Foot drop following fibular neck fracture?
Common peroneal nerve
101
What hormone increases growth hormone secretion?
Ghrelin
102
What controls corneal reflex
CN V and CN VII
103
Describe aldosterone?
Released by the zona glomerulosa in response to raised angiotensin II, potassium and ACTH levels
Causes retention of Na+ in exchange for K+/H+ in the distal tubule
104
Where is the majority of norepinephrine secreted from?
Adrenal medulla
105
Afferent and efferent limbs of the gag reflex?
```
Afferent = CN IX
Efferent = CN X
```
106
Abducting arm following humeral neck fracture?
Axillary nerve
107
What stimulates breast development? (Both initially and further hyperplasia during pregnancy)
Prolactin
108
What does the ovarian ligament contain?
Nothing
109
Hyperacucis?
Lesion of CN VII
110
What foramina does maxillary nerve pass through?
Foramen rotundum
111
Which nerve supplied adductor pollicis?
Ulnar nerve
112
What does the ulnar nerve supply?
Adductor pollicis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Intrinstic muscles of the hand except loaf
Medial 1 and 1/2 fingers
113
What does radial nerve supply?
Extensors
Small areas between the dorsal aspect of 1st and 2nd metacarpals
114
What does median nerve supply?
LOAF Muscles
Palmar aspect of lateral 3/12 fingers
115
What are the LOAF muscles?
Lateral two lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
116
What does somatostatin do to insulin?
Somatostatin increases insulin
117
What contains the muscularis mucosae?
Mucosa
118
Which part(s) of the duodenum are intraperitoneal?
The cap
119
Dermatome of the middle finger and the palm of the hand?
C7
120
What would be released in response to reduced renal perfusion?
Renin
121
Patient cannot abduct thigh in response to anterior hip dislocation?
Obturator nerve
122
Dermatome for xiphoid process?
T6
123
What peritoneal ligament contains the tail of the pancreas?
Splenorenal ligament
124
What does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?
Portal triad
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Common bile duct
125
What does the hepatogastric ligament contain?
Right and left gastric arteries
126
What does the mandibular nerve pass through?
Foramen ovale
127
What inhibits insulin secretion?
Somatostain
128
What stimulates aldosterone release?
Angiotensin II
129
What re the branches of the aorta?
```
T12 - Coeliac trunk
L1 - Left renal artery
L2 - Testicular or ovarian arteries
L3 - Inferior mesenteric artery
L4 - Bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
```
130
Which nerve supplies flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar nerve
131
Trendelenburg sign?
Inferior gluteal nerve
132
What supplies:
Abductor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis - median nerve
Adductor pollicis - ulnar nerve
133
What connects the ovaries to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
134
What connects the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament of the ovaries
135
What ligament are the ovaries contained in?
The broad ligament
136
What foramina does accessory nerve pass through?
Jugular foramen
137
Dermatome for thumb and index finger?
C5, C6
138
Loss of ability to plantar flex and invert foot?
Lesion of tibial nerve
139
What level is bifurcation of the abdominal aorta?
L4
140
Posterior half of the skull dermatome?
C2
141
What nerve supplies biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve
142
Inframammary fold?
T5
143
Describe club cells?
Non cilliated dome shaped cells found in the bronchioles
144
Dermatome of ring and little finger?
C8
145
What is filtration fraction?
Glomerular filtration rate/renal plasma flow
146
What spinal level does the inferior mesenteric artery leave the aorta?
L3
147
What structure is formed from the umbilical vein?
Ligamentum teres
148
What forms ligamentum venousum?
Ductus venosus
149
Precursor of aldosterone?
Corticosterone
150
What does the suspensory ligament of the ovaries contain?
The ovarian vessels
151
Low collar shirt dermatome?
C4
152
Effect of uretic stone causing obstruction?
Decreased GFR
No change in renal plasma flow
Decrease in filtration fraction
153
What does increased GFR, no change renal plasma flow and increase in filtration fraction suggest?
Decreased plasma protein concentration
154
What level does the azygous vein perforate the diaphragm?
T12
155
Efferent limb of the lacrimaltion reflex?
CN VII
156
Dermatome of inguinal ligament
L1
157
What does the medial geniculate nucleus relay?
Auditory signals
158
What does the lateral geniculate nucleus relay?
Visual signals
159
What removes excess K+ in the CNS?
Astrocytes
160
What does the cardinal ligament contain?
The uterine vessels
161
What ligaments don't contain anything?
Round, ovarian, uterosacral
162
Examples of perfusion limited exchange?
Oxygen (normal conditions)
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
163
Examples of diffusion limited exchange?
Oxygen (during strenuous exercise)
Oxygen (lung fibrosis)
Oxygen (emphysema)
164
High turtle neck shirt dermatome?
C3
165
Which nerve supplies extensor carpi radialis longus?
Radial nerve
166
What spinal level does the coeliac trunk leave the aorta?
T12
167
What cells secrete renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells
168
What is the bulbis cordis the origin of?
Right ventricle and smooth parts of the left ventricle
169
What is the zone of thick filaments that is not super imposed by thin filaments?
H Zone
170
What is the A band?
The entire length of a single thick filament
171
Filtration fraction is.....?
Typically around 20%
172
What binds to the thin filament?
Myosin (thick filament)
173
What does tropomyosin do?
Cover the myosin binding sites on the actin
174
What structures are derived form the left horn of the sinus venousus?
Coronary artery
175
What strucutures are derived from the telencephalon?
Basal ganglia
176
What is the thalamus derived from?
Diencephalon
177
With respect to phosphorylation, what enzyme is induced by insulin?
Glucokinase
178
What structure is derived from the right sinus venous?
Smooth part of RA
179
Lesion to which of the hypothalamic nuclei may result in hypothermia?
Posterior nucleus
180
Lesion to which hypothalamic nucleus may result in hyperphagia?
Ventromedial nucleus
181
What forms the cerebral aquaduct?
Mesencephalon
182
What forms the inferior part of the fourth ventricle?
Mylencephalon
183
What does glucokinase do?
When glucose levels are excessively high it helps to store glucose in the liver
184
What is the origin of ductus arteriosus?
Ligamentum arteriosus
185
What is excretion rate?
Urine flow rate X urine concentration
186
What can creatine clearance be used to estimate?
GFR
187
Direct precursor of oestrodiol?
Testosterone
188
Structure derived from umbilical artery?
Medial umbilical ligaments
189
Middle of the sarcomere cross linking myosin?
M line
190
Lesion of which nucleus may result in anorexia?
Lateral nucleus
191
Dermatome of nipples?
T4
192
Where is majority of cortisol secreted from?
Zona fasciculata
193
Zone of thin filaments not suprerimposed by thick filaments?
I band
194
Filtered load?
GFR x Plasma concetration
195
What indicates mitral stenosus?
Low volume pulse
196
What indicates aortic stenosis?
Narrow pulse pressure
197
Pain in the right illiac fossa may indicate?
Appendicitis
198
What cells act as antigen presenting cells?
- B cells
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
199
Most common type of white blood cell?
Neutrophils
200
What provides localised protection on mucous membranes?
IgA
201
Origin of ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Truncus arteriosus
202
Renal blood flow?
Renal plasma flow / (1-haemocrit)
203
What hypothalamic nuclei is associated with loss of normal sleep patterns?
Suprachiasmic nucleus
204
Space between two adjacent Z lines?
Sarcomere
205
What structures are derived from the primitive ventricle?
Left venticle
206
What is derived from the alar plate?
Sensory neurones
207
Sexual desire nucleus?
Septal nucleus
208
Lesion to which nucleus may cause diabetes insipidus?
Supraoptic nucleus
209
Origin of urachus?
Allantois
210
What are motor neurones derived from?
Basal plate
211
What is the primative atria the origin of?
Trabeculated parts of left and right atria
