Sampling

Question 1

What is a sample?

Answer 1

A sample is a group of people that represent a certain type / doesn’t have to be people tho.

Question 2

What is Sampling bias?

Answer 2

the sample used in a study or survey is not representative of the larger population it’s supposed to represent.
This can happen if certain groups or individuals are systematically overrepresented or underrepresented in the sample, leading to inaccurate or misleading results.

Question 3

What is a representive sample?

Answer 3

accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population from which it is drawn.

Question 4

How to achieve representative sample ?

Answer 4

researchers use various sampling techniques to ensure that every subgroup within the population has a fair chance of being included in the sample.
helps to minimize sampling bias and ensures that the findings from the sample can be generalized to the broader population with greater confidence.

Question 5

Can a sample literally represent a population?

Question 6

What is epsem?

Answer 6

An equal probability selection method (epsem) is a procedure for producing a sample into which every case in the target population has an equal probability of being selected

Question 7

What is Randomness?

Answer 7

process of selecting individuals or items from a population in a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.

Question 8

Why is random sampling good?

Answer 8

helps ensure that the sample is representative and minimizes bias
-Randomness helps to ensure the generalizability of the findings from the sample to the larger population.

Question 9

How can random sampling be achieved?

Answer 9

random sampling - where each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected
stratified random sampling - where the population is divided into subgroups and random samples are taken from each subgroup.

Question 10

What is random sampling? - simple

Answer 10

where each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected

Question 11

What is stratified random sampling?

Answer 11

where the population is divided into subgroups and random samples are taken from each subgroup.

Question 12

What us Opportunity Sample?

Answer 12

Sometimes called a convenience or haphazard sample.
-type of non-probability sampling method where the researcher selects individuals or items for inclusion in the sample based on their availability and accessibility (easily recruitable)

Question 13

Problems with opportunity sample?

Answer 13

-Can introduce bias because it may not accurately represent the larger population.
-results obtained from an opportunity sample may not be generalizable to the broader population due to the potential for sampling bias.

Question 14

What is snowball sample?

Answer 14

Where the people initially recruited for the sample in turn recruit other participants.

Question 15

how snowball sampling can be better than convenience sampling:

Answer 15

-Access to hard-to-reach populations: Snowball sampling allows researchers to access populations that are difficult to reach through traditional means. Participants recruited through referrals may be more willing to participate and provide valuable insights.
-Network effects: Snowball sampling leverages existing social networks, which can lead to a more diverse sample compared to convenience sampling. This can be especially advantageous when studying social phenomena or behaviors influenced by social networks.

Question 16

Does snow ball sample have EPSEM?

Answer 16

snowball sampling does not have EPSEM
-The probability of being selected for the sample depends on an individual’s connection to existing participants and their willingness to participate in the study.
-non-probability sampling method.

Question 17

What is EPSEM

Answer 17

Equal Probability of Selection Method)
EPSEM refers to sampling methods where each unit in the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample.

Question 18

What is Self-selecting Sample?

Answer 18

-non-probability sampling method where individuals choose themselves to participate in a study - typically in response to some form of invitation or recruitment effort.

Question 19

When are self reporting samples used?

Answer 19

in situations where it’s difficult to reach a specific population or when individuals with particular characteristics are sought after for a study. Common examples include online surveys, where participants voluntarily respond to invitations to participate, or support groups, where individuals with specific experiences or interests self-select to join.

Question 20

Problems with self report sample?

Answer 20

While convenient and efficient, they often suffer from selection bias because the individuals who choose to participate may differ systematically from those who do not.
- findings from self-selecting samples may not be generalizable to the broader population, and caution should be exercised when interpreting results obtained from this sampling method.

Question 21

Sampling error

Question 22

Opportunity sampling advantage

Answer 22

-easy
-natural experiments

Question 23

Opportunity sampling disadvantages

Answer 23

1. Unlikely to provide a representative sample
2. Highly dependent on individual researcher

Question 24

systematic sampling

Answer 24

probability sampling method where researchers select members of the population at a regular interval - for example, by selecting every nth person on a list of the population.

Question 25

Systematic sampling advantages

Answer 25

-unbiased selection
-generalisation

Question 26

systematic sampling disadvantages

Answer 26

Sampling frame should be random
It can introduce bias

Question 27

quota sampling

Answer 27

non-probability sampling where researchers will form a sample of individuals who are representative and have interest in study

Question 28

Quota sampling disadvantage

Answer 28

potential for selection bias, which can result in a sample that is unrepresentative of the population
ncreases the risk of researcher bias as a researcher might include people in research who he finds to easy to approach or have co-operative nature

Question 29

Self-selected sampling

Answer 29

A sampling method made up of volunteers

Question 30

Self-selected sampling advantages

Answer 30

cheap
easy

Question 31

Self-selected sampling disadvantages

Answer 31

bias
unreprestentative

Question 32

snowball sampling advantages

Answer 32

chain referral process allows the researcher to reach populations that are difficult to sample when using other sampling methods.
The process is cheap, simple and cost-efficient.
This sampling technique needs little planning

Question 33

snowball sampling disadvantages

Answer 33

Representativeness of the sample is not guaranteed. The researcher has no idea of the true distribution of the population and of the sample.
Sampling bias is also a fear of researchers when using this sampling technique. Initial subjects tend to nominate people that they know well.

Question 34

Event sampling

Answer 34

the observer records all instances of a particular behavior during a specified time period

Question 35

time sampling

Answer 35

a measurement of the presence or absence of behavior within specific time intervals

Question 36

Target pop.

Answer 36

the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn.

Question 37

Sampling. Frame

Answer 37

list or other device used to define a researcher’s population of interest. The sampling frame defines a set of elements from which a researcher can select a sample of the target population

Question 38

Advantages of random sampling

Answer 38

simplicity and lack of bias.
make generalizations about a population.

Question 39

disadvantages of random sampling

Answer 39

difficulty gaining access to a list of a larger population