Salts and solubility

Question 1

Why do drugs have salts?

Answer 1

to help stabilize acidic/basic functional groups

Question 2

Therapeutic advantages of salts

Answer 2

oral bioavailability
dose formulations
routes of administrations

Question 3

What are drug molecules classified as due to the fact they are carbon-based?

Answer 3

organic compounds

Question 4

Do organic/inorganic salts contain drugs?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

What are the 3 advantages of salts

Answer 5

1. they rapidly dissociate
2. allows for immediate solvation
3. multiple possibilities for ion dipole interactions

Question 6

What are common water soluble organic salts?

Answer 6

sugars
sugar analogs
glycolysis and CAC intermediates

Question 7

Lipid soluble organic salts decrease water solubility of drugs. Why would this be good?

Answer 7

increased bioavailability
increased palatability of oral suspensions
increased duration

Question 8

Should organic acids/bases be mixed in the same IV bag?

Answer 8

no, you’d get ppt

Question 9

Can organic acids and bases be administered through different IV lines?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

A high P and log P indicate?

Answer 10

a more lipid soluble drug

Question 11

Halogens and hydrocarbons enhance what kind of solubility?

Answer 11

lipid

Question 12

What kind of soluble drug would you want in renal dysfunction ?

Answer 12

lipid

Question 13

What kind of drug would you want for a patient with hepatic dysfunction?

Answer 13

a drug that is primarily eliminated by the kidney

Question 14

What kind of solubility do you need to go from oral administration to dissolution in the GI tract?

Answer 14

water

Question 15

What kind of solubility do you need to go from dissolution in the GI tract to penetration through the GI Mucosal Membrane?

Answer 15

lipid

Question 16

prodrug

Answer 16

molecule that has been covalently modified to either an inactive/ weakly active analog in order to achieve a specific therapeutic benefit

Question 17

bioactivation

Answer 17

after prodrug is administered it releases the original active drug molecule

Question 18

What are some commonly used esters of carboxylic acids?

Answer 18

methyl
ethyl
propyl
isopropyl
t-butyl

Question 19

What are some lipophilic groups that hydroxyl and phenol groups can be modified with?

Answer 19

acetate
tebutate
benzoate
propionate
cypionate
pivalate
valerate

Question 20

What are some hydrophilic groups that hydroxyl and phenol groups can be modified with?

Answer 20

sodium phosphate ester
sodium succinate ester

Question 21

Which has increased water solubility: Ampicillin or Amoxicillin? Why?

Answer 21

Amoxicillin, the OH group

Question 22

Major purposes of drug metabolism

Answer 22

enhancing water solubility of drug molecules and enhancing elimination
detoxifying the drug
converting and inactive prodrug to its active analog

Question 23

What kind of soluble compound does metabolism usually produce?

Answer 23

water

Question 24

Which are more prone to metabolism: water or lipid soluble drugs?

Answer 24

lipid

Question 25

Therapeutic advantages of enhancing water solubility

Answer 25

enhance solvation and dissolution in the GI tract
allows of preparation of concentrated IV, ophthalmic, and optic solutions
allows certain compounds to reach adequate concentrations in the urine
requires less metabolism and are less likely to have drug interactions with compounds that alter hepatic oxidative enzymes

Question 26

Therapeutic advantages of enhancing lipid solubility

Answer 26

allows to pass through lipid belayers in GI Mucosal membrane
allows drug to cross blood brain barrier
allows for use of IM/ subcutaneous depot injections
greater plasma protein binding -> longer duration of action
increase palatability
delay dissolution
enhance absorption of oral, nasal inhalation, topical creams, or ointments