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Pharmacology > Drug Toxicology and Poisoning > Flashcards

Drug Toxicology and Poisoning Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

normal physiological ranges that optimize the function of biological systems

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2
Q

Drugs and other chemicals at high concentrations produce toxicity by?

A

Disrupting homeostasis and causing physiological functions out of the normal range

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3
Q

Quantal dose

A

response curve based effective dosing and toxic effects

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4
Q

ED99

A

dose of drug required to produce a desired effect in 90% of the population

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5
Q

LD1

A

dose producing toxicity in 1% of the population

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6
Q

Margin of Safety

A

LD1/ED99

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7
Q

The larger the therapeutic index…

A

the safer the drug

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8
Q

The wider the margin of safety

A

the safer the drug

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9
Q

U-Shaped dose response curve

A

adverse effects at both high and low doses
examples: vitamins and essential metals

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10
Q

At low doses adverse effects occur due to?

A

a deficiency of nutrients to maintain homeostasis

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11
Q

At high doses there is risk for?

A

overdose toxicity

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12
Q

Types of pharmaceutical effects

A

desirable (therapeutic)
undesirable

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13
Q

Side effect

A

nondeleterious

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14
Q

Toxic Effects

A

deleterious types include pharmacological, pathological, and genotoxic

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15
Q

Allergic Reactions

A

an immunologically mediated (adverse reaction) to a foreign molecule resulting from prior exposure

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of allergic reactions

A

Type 1: Anaphylactic
Type 2: Cytolytic
Type 3: Arthur’s
Type 4: Delayed Hypersensitivity

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17
Q

Anaphylactic reactions

A

type 1
mediated by IgE antibodies
common targets: GI tract, skin, respiratory tract, blood vessels
releases mediators of inflammation
results in vasodilation, edema, and inflammation

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18
Q

Cytolytic Reactions

A

Type 2
mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies
activation of complement system
targets circulatory system
reaction subsidies within several months after removal of the agent

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19
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

anemia caused by red cell disruption

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20
Q

Arthus Reactions

A

Type 3
Mediated by IgG
associated with commonly used antibiotics and other drugs
results in antigen-antibody complexes that lodge in vascular endothelium resulting in serum sickness
affects skin, bone, and lymphatic systems
resolves 6-12 days after removal of agent

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21
Q

Serum sickness

A

uncommon clinical syndrome associated with exposure to animal serum

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22
Q

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

mediated by sensitized T-lymphocytes and macrophages

23
Q

poison ivy

A

causes a reaction to an oily resin called urushiol

24
Q

idiosyncratic reactions

A

abnormal responses to drug exposures in an individual

25
What is the pharmacogenetic basis of idiosyncratic reactions?
variations in gene expression that makes patients more/less sensitive to substances through pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic mechanisms
26
What are the two types of cellular response to toxicity?
morphological adaptation injury
27
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
28
Hyperplasia
increase in the cell number morphological adaptation
29
Atrophy
decrease in cell size morphological adaptation
30
Metaplasia
change in cell type morphological adaptation
31
Reversible cell injury
mild to moderate cellular damage swelling and fatty change
32
Cellular swelling
due to cellular hypoxia that damages the sodium-potassium ATPase pump and increases intracellular fluids reversible cell injury
33
Fatty Change
cell unable to metabolize fat, small vacuoles of fat accumulate within the cytoplasm and may disrupt cellular function reversible cell injury
34
Irreversible cell injury leading to cell death
cell cannot restore homeostasis and function
35
What could cause irreversible cell injury?
oxygen deprivation chemical agents infectious agents immunologic reactions genetic defects nutritional imbalances physical agents aging
36
What are the impacts of cell injury?
Depletion of ATP Damage to Mitochondria Influx of Calcium Accumulation of Oxygen Derivedd Free Radicals Defects in Membrane Permeability Damage to DNA and Proteins
37
If ATP is depleted what could happen?
screwed up sodium pumps anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acidosis -> loss of cell function influx of calcium disruption of protein synthesis
38
If the mitochondria is damaged what could happen?
ATP is depleted Formation of high conductance channel and release of cytochrome C (causes apoptosis)
39
If there is an influx of calcium what could happen?
Activation of - phospholipids - proteases - breakdown cell membrane - endonucleases - breakdown DNA - apoptosis - cell suicide
40
Free radicals are synthesized in response to?
redox reactions radiation enzymatic metabolism of endogenous chemicals
41
Effects of reactive oxygen species
lipid peroxidation of membranes cross-linking of proteins DNA fragmentation
42
What could happen if there are defects in membrane permeability?
decreased phospholipid synthesis increased phospholipid breakdown reactive oxygen species lipid breakdown products mitochondrial membrane damage plasma membrane damage injury to lysosomal membranes
43
What happens if DNA and proteins get damaged?
apoptosis
44
Autophagy
cellular repair mechanism removes and degrades damaged cellular components good for cardiac and skeletal myocytes
45
In autophagy, what dose a an autophagosome fuse with?
a lysosome
46
Which has an inflammatory response: Necrosis or Apoptosis?
necrosis
47
necrosis
nuclear shrinkage, fragmentation and dissolution breakdown of plasma and organelle membranes enzymatic digestion of cellular contents inflammatory response
48
Apoptosis
programmed destruction of cells seen in shrinkage of hormone dependent tissues upon hormone deprivation cell loss in proliferating cell populations cell death induced by T lymphocytes
49
What are some examples of pathological conditions that use apoptosis?
DNA damage accumulation of misfolded proteins certain infections atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction
50
Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis
Permeability of mitochondrial membrane sensor activated- DNA damage, misfolded protein accumulation cytochrome C released, activates caspace cascade nuclear fragmentation intrinsic path
51
Death Receptor Apoptosis
on cell surface tissue necrosis factor binding of activated T-lymphocytes activation of caspaces extrinsic path
52
What is activated by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptopic pathways?
initiator caspases
53
Executioner caspases
carry out apoptosis by cleaving cellular components

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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