Salts Flashcards
Solubility of Grp 1, Ammonium, and Nitrates
ALL soluble
Solubility of Sulfates
Soluble, except Calcium Sulfate, Lead (II) Sulfate, and Barium Sulfate (C.L.B.)
Solubility of Chlorides
Soluble, except Lead (II) Chloride and Silver Chloride (L.S.)
Solubility of Carbonates
Insoluble, except Grp 1 Carbonates and Ammonium Carbonate
Solubility of Oxides/Hydroxides
Insoluble, except Grp 1 Oxides/Hydroxides, Ammonium Oxide/Hydroxide, Barium Oxide/Hydroxide (B.)
Calcium Oxide/Hydroxide is sparingly soluble
Salt
A salt is an ionic compound that is formed when the hydrogen ion (H+) in an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium (NH4+) ion.
Charge 1 Cations
SPSCHA (+)
Sodium ion, Na+
Potassium ion, K+
Silver ion, Ag+
Copper (I) ion, Cu+
Hydrogen ion, H+
Ammonium ion, NH4+
Charge 1 Anions
NNCBIHHH (-)
Nitrite, NO2−
Nitrate, NO3−
Chloride, Cl−
Bromide, Br−
Iodide, I−
Hydroxide, OH−
Hydrogen carbonate, HCO3−
Hydrogen sulfate, HSO4−
Charge 2 Cations
LCIMCBZ (2+)
Lead (II) ion, Pb2+
Copper (II) ion, Cu2+
Iron (II) ion, Fe2+
Magnesium ion, Mg2+
Calcium ion, Ca2+
Barium ion, Ba2+
Zinc ion, Zn2+
Charge 2 Anions
SSSOC (2-)
Sulfite, SO3^2−
Sulfate, SO4^2−
Sulfide, S^2−
Oxide, O^2−
Carbonate, CO3^2−
Charge 3 Cations
IA (3+)
Iron (III) ion, Fe^3+
Aluminium ion, Al^3+
Charge 3 Anions
PN (3-)
Phosphate, PO4^3−
Nitride, N^3−
salt preparation
insol: precipitation (salts)
- 2 aq solns, aq + as -> s
sol grp 1/nh4+: titration (acid + alkali)
- acid + alkali/sol carbonate, aq + aq -> aq
sol gen: rxn of acid w. excess insol substance (acid + excess)
- acid + (etal/insol carbonate)base, aq + s -> aq
precipitation - 5
- mix aq solns tgt to form ppt, stir
- filter mixture, obtain ppt - residue
- wash w/ distilled h2o
- dry w/ filter papers
mix, stir, filter, wash, dry
hydrated salts (copper (ii) sulfate)
- many salts combine w/ h2o (water of crystallisation) to form hydrated salts
- hydrated salts can lose water of crystal upon heating to form anhydrous salts
- hydrated & anhydrous hv diff physical properties
anhydrous vs. hydrated copper ii sulfate
1. no water, got water
2. CuSO4, CuSO4.H2O
3. white, blue
4. evaporation to dryness, crystallization
define solubility
max amnt of substance that can dissolve in given amnt of solvent at given temp
solubility curve & separation techniques
- steep line/curve - crystallization
- horizontal line/gentle grad - evaporation to dryness
- line/curve close to x-axis - filtration
crystallisation vs evaporation to dryness
- CANNOT IF: little change in solubility when temp up, salt decomposes/loses water of crystal upon heating
- SOLUBILITIES: for mixtures which up w/ temp, for salts which = temp
- PROCESS: (only step 1 is for evaporation)
- heat soln until evaporated (dryness)
- cool to form crystals
- filter, obtain crystals
- wash crystals w/ small smnt distilled h2o
- dry between filter papers
