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Veterinary Micro. > Salmonella > Flashcards

Salmonella Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two possible modes of transmission of Salmonella?

A

Fecal-oral

Respiratory route

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2
Q

What are the three possible manifestations of a Salmonella infection?

A

Enteritis resulting in diarrhea

Septicemia

Nothing!

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3
Q

Name the host-adapted strain of Salmonella which is ONLY seen in humans

A

Salmonella typhi

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4
Q

How do is typhoid (disease of Salmonella typhi) transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

Mostly a water-borne infection in the developing world

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5
Q

In older human women what disease is generally associated with infection of Salmonella typhi?

A

Biliary diseases (cholecystitis and cholelithiasis)

Disease is characterized by septicemia and enteritis whereby the biliary tract is persistently seeded

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6
Q

What is the Salmonella which is generally associated with swine?

This Salmonella contains a host-restricted and host-adapted strain which is which?

A

Salmonella choleraesuis kunzendorf variety

Host-restricted: Salmonella choleraesuis kunzendorf variety

Host-adapted: Salmonella choleraesuis non-kunzendorf variety

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7
Q

What diseases are generally seen with Salmonella choleraesuis kunzendorf variety?

A

Respiratory disease

Button ulcers of the intestines (see photo)

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8
Q

What is the host-adapted strain of Salmonella found in cattle?

A

Salmonella dublin

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9
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Salmonella dublin?

A

Septicemia and enteritis (pseudomembranosis colitis) (leading to hemorrhagic enterocolitis)

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10
Q

What are the HOST-ADAPTED strains of Salmonella found in poultry?

A
  • Salmonella gallinarum*
  • Salmonella anatum*
  • Salmonella arizonae*
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11
Q

What is the HOST-RESTRICTED strain of Salmonella found in chickens?

A

Salmonella pullorum

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12
Q

What clinical sign can be seen with an avian infected with Salmonella pullorum?

A

Bacillary white diarrhea

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13
Q

What clinical sign can be seen with an avian infected with Salmonella gallinarum?

A

Fowl typhoid

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14
Q

What clinical sign can be seen with an avian infected with Salmonella anatum?

A

Keel disease in ducklings

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15
Q

What clinical sign can be seen with an avian infected with Salmonella arizonae?

A

Septicemia

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16
Q

Salmonella can be found in the normal flora of what species

A

Reptiles (esp. turtles)

This is the reason pet stores cannot cell turtles under certain sizes for fear of children placing them in their mouths

17
Q

Host specificity of Salmonella occurs because of two reasons what are they?

A

Adherence of Salmonella to host epithelial cells

Ability of Salmonella to survive inside macrophages

18
Q

What Salmonella is the most common cause of salmonellosis in mammalian hosts

A

Salmonella typhimurium

19
Q

_________ is with in the normal gut flora of poultry so is allowed in small numbers in USDA inspection of poultry. But is not allowed during inspection of other meats (beef, pork)

A

Salmonella typhimurium

20
Q

What is a Strain DT104 Salmonella?

A

A multiple antibiotic resistant gene which has been inserted into Salmonella

Which was acquired by a phage through one INTEGRON

21
Q

Why is Salmonella Strain DT104 more virulent in cattle?

A

Because of the integron associated multiple antibiotic resistance as well as, the protozoa within the rumen which help select for more the more virulent Salmonella leading to reduced competition for binding sites.

22
Q

What serovars has strain DT104 been found in?

A
  • Salmonella typhimurium*
  • Salmonella choleraesuis*
23
Q
  1. What is the broad range Salmonella which is the second most common serotype isolated from human cases?
  2. How is it contracted?
A
  1. Salmonella enteritidis It is within the normal flora of chickens and resides inside the ova.
  2. It is contracted by the consumption of raw or undercooked eggs
24
Q

What are the three mechanisms of Salmonella virulence?

A

Intestinal colonization

Invasion of intestinal cells

Diarrhea

25
Q

What cell type do Salmonella prefer to adhere to and why?

A

M cells

They prefer M cells because they contain shorter and less dense glycocalyx and do enterocytes.

Think of the parachuting into the forest analogy

26
Q

Briefly explain Salmonella’s mechanism invasion of intestinal cells

A

Salmonella attach to the outside of M cells –> they then release bacterial proteins –> these proteins rearrange actin w/in the plasma membrane –> invasion of the plasma membrane by Salmonella

27
Q

True or False

Salmonella are not able to invade plant cells because of the lignin within in the cell wall prevents bacterial rearrangement and subsequent entry

A

False!

Salmonella can also invade plant cells and form a “ruffle” after the rearrangement of actin. They then will reside within a plant cell and await ingestion by a mammal or bird

28
Q

Briefly explain how Salmonella causes diarrhea

A

Salmonella attach to the outside of M cells –> they then release bacterial proteins –> these proteins cause inflammatory process to occur within the cell and results in fluid and electrolyte loss

29
Q

How do normal flora help in the prevention of salmonellosis?

A

Normal flora compete for receptor binding sites

Normal flora also produce compounds which inhibit/kill Salmonella

30
Q

List the ways one can diagnose Salmonella

A

Fecal culture for enteritis

Spleen culture for septicemia

Immunodiagnostics (serogrouping and serotyping)

31
Q

Diagnosing a Salmonella serovar using immunodiagnostics serogrouping is based upon what part of the Salmonella?

A

The O-antigens on the surface

32
Q

Diagnosing a Salmonella serovar using immunodiagnostics serotyping is based upon what part of the Salmonella?

A

The H antigen flagellar

33
Q

Define a monophasic and diphasic H antigen

A

Monophasic H antigen can either have phase 1 OR phase 2 flagellins

Diphasic H antigen can make BOTH phase 1 and phase 2 flagellins

34
Q

Immunity to Salmonella is mostly ______ and is generally ______

A

Immunity to Salmonella is mostly CMI and is generally LIFELONG

35
Q

What does SRP stand for and how do these vaccines act?

A

Siderophore receptor protein (SRP) vaccine.

Act by causing antibodies to be made against SRP. Resulting in an anamnestic response during infection which STOPS THE IRON INTAKE into Salmonella. Leading to the death of the Salmonella.

36
Q

Why are killed bacterins not as effective against Salmonella?

A

They generally do not elicit a CMI response and the epitopes are usually the O antigens. The O antigens are serogroup-specific leading these killed bacterins bacterins to be monovalent.

Salmonella can also readily shed its O antigens if needed removing the Ab against them.

37
Q

List two other preventative methods besides vaccination which may be effective against salmonellosis

A

LPS toxoid

Defaunation (elimination of rumen parasites)

Extra note: Sanitation and improved management practices are also very effective as preventative measures

38
Q

Name when antibiotic treatment against Salmonella is warranted. What treatment would one use in each case?

A

Cases of enteritis and systemic infection.

Enteritis- know which antibiotic is susceptible and treat with that antibiotic

Systemic infection- treat with Ceftiofur intravenously

39
Q

In what instances are virulence genes for Salmonella hyperactivated?

A

At microgravity

Veterinary Micro. (12 decks)

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