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Veterinary Micro. > Acinetobacter, Franciesella, Coxiella, Legionella, and Helicobacter > Flashcards

Acinetobacter, Franciesella, Coxiella, Legionella, and Helicobacter Flashcards

1
Q

Acinetobacter species generally are generally _______ and only effect __________ patients

A

Acinetobacter species generally are generally opportunistsand only effect immunocompromised patients

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2
Q

What is the morphology of Acinetobacter sp.?

A

Gram (-)

rod

May pair or chain

Twitiching motility

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3
Q
  1. What do colonies of Acinetobacter sp.​ look like?
  2. How about their biochemical nature?
A
  1. May be large and mucoid or small and non-pigmented.
  2. Oxidase negative. Obligate aerobes.
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4
Q

Where are Acinetobacter spp. found in nature?

A

Widespread in soil, water, sewage, feces or colonizing on the skin.

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5
Q

List some predisposing factors that may lead to an individual to be more likely to be susceptible to a Acinetobacter infection

A
  • Immunocompromised humans
  • Patients on ventilators
  • Prior use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Use of a urinary tract catheter
  • Prior surgery
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6
Q

Name the important species which we talked about in class belonging to the genus Francisella?

A

Francisella tularensis

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7
Q

What Dz does Francisella tularensis cause?

A

Tularemia or “rabbit fever”

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8
Q

What are the three biovars of Francisella tularensis

A

Biovar tularensis

Biovar palaearctica

Biovar novicida

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9
Q

Where is Francisella tularensis biovar tularensis found?

A

Only in North America

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10
Q
  1. Where is Francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica found?
  2. What is the common name for this biovar?
A
  1. distributed widely and is reported primarily from Russia and the Scandinavian countries
  2. “Beaver strain”
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11
Q

What does Francisella tularensis biovar novicida cause?

A

Human Dz of tularemia

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12
Q

What is the general morphology of Francisella tularensis.

A

Gram negative

Short rod

Very small (0.2 X 0.7 μm)

Non-motile

Non-encapsulated

May become pleomorphic.

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13
Q

What nutrient does Francisella tularensis require to grow?

A

Cysteine

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14
Q

Where would one find Francisella tularensis in nature

A

Inside ticks, wild rodents and rabbits for biovar tularensis

Inside water rodents and beavers for biovar palaearctica

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15
Q

How is Francisella tularensis spread to humans?

A

Spread is often by contact with infected rabbits or rodents (skinning of infected rabbits is an important source) and via infected ticks.

Gains entry through skin abrasion, conjunctivae, ingestion, or aerosol.

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16
Q

Why is Francisella tularensis so dangerous to work with even in the laboratory?

A

Infectious dose is very low

Organism is one of the most highly infectious known

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17
Q

What does the Francisella tularensis Dz cause in rabbits?

A

Small, necrotic, granulomatous foci in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

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18
Q

What does the Francisella tularensis ​Dz cause in humans?

A

Site of entry to the lymph nodes and then to the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues, forming granulomatous nodules which ulcerate along the way.

(Ouch.)

19
Q

What are the two forms of Francisella tularensis which you see in humans and how are they contracted?

A

Pneumonic form - organism is inhaled

Typhoidal form - organism is ingested

20
Q

True or False

Once infected with Francisella tularensis CMI is activated, however infected individuals can relapse.

A

True

Infected individuals can relapse because of the intracellular organism nature of F. tularensis

21
Q

A human infected with Francisella tularensis is commonly treated with what?

A

Streptomycin but, Gentamicin is also used effectively

22
Q

To confirm a diagnosis of an animal infected with Francisella tularensis one must?

A
  • Perform an agglutination test on patient serum
  • Biopsy specimens of infected soft tissue or lymph nodes and culture
  • Blood cultures can be performed if the septicemic form suspected, difficult and dangerous however
  • Fluorescent antibody test used to identify the organism itself.
23
Q

What is the primary species of Coxiella which we covered in class?

A

Coxiella burnetii

24
Q

What are some common morphological features of C. burnetii?

A
  • Small
  • Pleomorphic
  • Gram-negative
  • Obligate intracellular organism
  • Forms spore-like structures
  • It exists in two antigenically distinct phases that are morphologically identical. Phase I and Phase II
25
Q

What is the common Dz name for which is caused by Coxiella burnetii

A

Q-fever

26
Q

What types of Dz does Q-fever (C. burnetii) cause in rumniants?

A

Abortions and respiratory tract infections

27
Q

What is the the difference in Phase I vs. Phase II Coxiella burnetii?

A

Phase I organisms are highly infectious

Phase II organisms are less infectious and arise when cultures are passed repeatedly through eggs or tissue culture

28
Q

When animals are infected with Coxiella burnetii an antibody to which phase will be made first?

A

Phase II

29
Q

What is the primary importance of the Dz C. burnetii?

A

Infection of humans from contaminated animal products

30
Q

List some ways to treat a C. burnetii infection?

A

Tetracycline

If chronic valvular endocarditis occurs then surgical correction is required

31
Q

What are the signs of Acute Q-fever?

A

Fever

Myalgia

Headache

Sweating

32
Q

What is the main complication of a chronic Q-fever?

A

Vegatative valvular endocarditis

33
Q

True or False

To prevent Coxiella burnetii infection from occuring an inactivated Phase I product is available as a immunization for at risk populations.

A

True

However, before the bacterin can be used in humans, they need to be tested for prior infection. Adverse skin reactions were a problem in humans that were already infected.

34
Q

What is the species name of the Legionella genus which we talked about in class?

A

Legionella pneumophila

35
Q

What Dz does Legionella pneumophila cause?

A

Legionaire’s Dz

Pneumonia like Dz

(If desseminates infected patients may become delirious, confused and develop an encephalopathy)

36
Q

How does one become infected with Legionella pneumophila?

A

Airborne droplets or water contamination

(Think small, crowded spaces like a submarine)

37
Q

List the species of Helicobacter which we covered in class

A

Helicobacter pylori

In the lecture notes he mentions:

  • Helicobacter heilmanni* (humans, cats, dogs)
  • Helicobacter mustelae* (ferrets)
38
Q

What is the general morphology of Helicobacter sp.

A

Gram-negative

Often assume U-shapes, rods, or a rounded form

Motile via a tuft of polar flagella and via a corkscrew activity in highly viscous material.

39
Q

List the common Dz caused by Helicobacter pylori. (include species its found in)

A

Acute gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers in humans

40
Q

What percent of humans are thought to carry Helicobacter pylori

A

50%

41
Q

What is responsible for the majority of the tissue damage associated by a Helicobacter sp.

A

The urease enzyme generating ammonium ions and CO2

42
Q

How does one diasnose a Helicobacter pylori infection

A

Histology

Culture

PCR

Stool antigen test

Serologic test

Carbon-labelled urea breath test

43
Q
A

Veterinary Micro. (12 decks)

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