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Oral Biology > Salivary Glands > Flashcards

Salivary Glands Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (1)

A

Protection:

  • Washing action (debris from around the mouth)
  • Clearance of sugar (neutralises sugars)
  • Lubrication (covers all surfaces)
  • Barrier (stops certain substances from adhering)
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2
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (2)

A

Buffering:

- Protection from demineralisation (contains calcium and phosphates which help mineralise)

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3
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (3)

A

Pellicle Formation:

  • Calcium binding
  • Also the 1st stage of biofilm formation
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4
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (4)

A

Maintenance of tooth integrity

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5
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (5)

A

Antimicrobial action:

- Proteins and peptides with antibacterial activity

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6
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (6)

A

Tissue Repair:

- Grow factors

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7
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (7)

A

Digestion:

  • Solubilisation of food substances
  • Enzymes
  • Moistening and lubricative properties
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8
Q

What are the 8 functions of Saliva? (8)

A

Taste:

  • Solubilisation of food substances
  • Proteins that bind to taste substances
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9
Q

What are directions of flow of saliva?

A
  • Secretions from the vestibules over the occlusal surface

- Through the interdental spaces

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10
Q

What are the types of Salivary secretions?

A

Serous (watery fluid):
- Mainly from the Parotid and submandibular glands

Mucous (mucus; slime)
- Mainly from the Sublingual and minor glands

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11
Q

What as the two salvia concepts?

A

Whole vs Duct saliva

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12
Q

What’s whole saliva

A
  • Mix of fluids from major and minor salivary glands
  • Gingival Crevicular fluid
  • Oral bacteria and food debris
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13
Q

What are the Major Salivary Glands?

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
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14
Q

What are the key features of the Parotid gland?

A
  • Pure Serous gland
  • In front of the external ear
  • Duct = Stensen’s Duct
  • Innervation = Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (STIMULATES SECRETOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND)
  • Sensory Innervation = Auriculotemporal nerve - branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) (division of the Trigeminal nerve exists through Foramen Ovale)
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15
Q

What are the key features of the Submandibular gland?

A
  • Mixed acinar cell type: mainly serous (60%)
  • Posterior part of the floor of the mouth
  • Duct = Wharton’s duct
  • Parasympathetic Innervation: Facial Nerve (VII) (STIMULATES SECRETOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SUB.MAN GLAND)
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16
Q

What are the key features of the Sublingual gland?

A
  • Mixed acinar - mainly mucous (75%)
  • Posteror part of the gloor of the mouth
  • Duct = Ducts of Rivinus
  • Parasympathetic Innervation: Facial Nerve (VII) (STIMULATES SECRETOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SUB.MAN GLAND)
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17
Q

What’s the sympathetic nerve supply of the glands?

A
  • Superior Cervical Ganglion
18
Q

What are the major structures that pass through or deep to the Parotid gland? (Nerve)

A

Facial Nerve:
- Enters skull via Stylomastoid Foramen then passes through the Parotid gland

  • Divides into Upper and Lower branches within the gland
  • Branches further into the 5 branches of the facial nerve:

Top

  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Marginal Mandibular
  5. Cervical
  • Intimate relationship means dissection of the gland is complicated - try not to damage nerves
19
Q

What are the major structures that pass through or deep to the Parotid gland? (Artery)

A
  • External Carotid Artery enters into or passes deep to the inferior border of the parotid gland
  • Continuous in a superior direction; gives off the POSTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERY before dividing into:
  1. MAXILLARY ARTERY
  2. SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERIES
  • Superior Temporal artery branches to give off the TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY
20
Q

How many Minor Salivary glands are there?

A
  • 600 - 1000 glands

- Similar to major BUT they are SMALLER and have SHORTER DUCTS

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Minor Salivary Glands?

A
  • Mainly Mucous
  • In the Oral Mucosa, they are virtually everywhere except:
    1. Gingival mucsoae
    2. Alveolar Mucosae
  • Labial glands
  • Buccal glands
  • Palatal glands
  • Lingual glands
22
Q

What’s the general structure of Salivary glands?

A
  • ACINI (Secretory End Pieces)
  • DUCTS

Look like a bunch of grapes:

  • ACINI = GRAPES
  • DUCTS = STEM
  • CT = AIR SURROUNDING GRAPES AND STEM
23
Q

What are the structural units of a salivary gland?

A

Epithelium:

  • Secretory end-pieces (Acini)
  • Ducts (Intercalated/Striated/Secretory)
  • Myoepithelium (on acini/on ducts)

Connective Tissue:

  • Capsule
  • Septa: Divide glands into (LOBES+LOBULES (SMALLER)
  • Surrounds all epithelial units
  • Carries: Bloody + nerve supply
24
Q

What creates the division between Salivary Lobes and Lobules?

A
  • Connective tissue SEPTA
  • Lobes = largest units, separated by thick septa
  • Lobules = smaller units, separated septa
  • Lobules contain Intercalated and striated ducts (intralobular ducts)
25
Q

When do the Salivary glands begin to develop?

A
  • 6 weeks I.U.L (Parotid)
  • Epithelium-Mesenchymal interaction
  • Followed by Epithelial proliferation and lobule formation
  • Epithelial canalisation and cellular differentiation follow
26
Q

What are resting secretions?

A
  • Present throughout the day and night
  • Keeps the mouth and Oro-pharynx:
    + Moist
    + Lubricated
    + Protected
27
Q

What’s the typical volume of saliva produced per day?

A
  • 500-750 ml/day
  • 90% from major salivary glands
  • 10% from minor salivary glands
28
Q

How do you calculate Flow Rate?

A

Volume(ml) / minute

  • 0.3ml/min at rest (average) = unstimulated flow rate
  • 1.75ml/min when stimulated (stimulated) flow rate
29
Q

What are the sources of Saliva at Rest vs when Stimulated?

A 
Parotid = 10% (R) - 60% (S)
Sub.M = 70% (R) - 30% (S)
Sub.L = 10% (R) - 5% (S)
Minor = 10% (R) - 5% (S)
30
Q

Acinar Cells: What are they?

A
  • Cells comprising the Acinus (secetory end piece)

+ Involved in saliva production
+ Can be SEROUS OR MUCOUS cells

  • Pyramidal shaped which are polarised for function
31
Q

What are Serous Acinar cells?

A
  • Nucleus at basal part of cell (bottom)
  • Basophilic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Granular appearance
  • Cells discharge their secretions into the tubular lumen via intercellular canaliculi running between cells
32
Q

What are Mucous Acinar cells?

A
  • Pale Cytoplasm - mucins lost or not easily stained
  • Flattened basal nucleus
  • Many large mucin granules
33
Q

What are Mucous Acinar + Serous Demilunes?

A
  • Mucous acinus capped by serous cells

- Serous cells discharge via the Intercellular canaliculi between the mucous cells

34
Q

What are Myoepithelial cells?

A
  • One Acini and Intercalated ducts
  • 1, 2, 3 myoepithelial cells in each salivary and piece body
  • 4-8 processes

FUNCTION:

  • Contractile elements for the acini cells - squeeze them
  • Regulate duct lumen diamete
35
Q

What are the characteristics of the Intercalated ducts?

A
  • Low cudoidal cells
  • Large central nucleus
  • Difficult to see in routine wax sections
36
Q

What are the characteristics of Striated ducts?

A
  • Not present in Sublingual glands
  • Columnar shaped cells
  • Active modification of primary saliva
  • Massive basal membrane folding
37
Q

What are the characteristics of Secretory (collecting) ducts?

A
  • Large lumen
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Stratified near termination - merges with Stratified squamous oral epithelium
38
Q

What does the Parotid gland look like Histologically?

A
  • Most compound serous acini
  • Large number of ducts
  • Adipocytes and plasma cells
39
Q

What does the Submandibular gland look like Histologically?

A
  • Mainly small Serous acini with some Mucus acini present
  • Myoepithelial cells
  • Demilunes
  • The intercalated and striated ducts are less numerous than those in the parotid gland
40
Q

What does the Parotid gland look like Histologically?

A
  • Mixed gland but Mucus acini are predominate
  • Intercalated ducts are short and difficult to recognise
  • Intralobular ducts are fewer in number than in the parotid or submandibular glands

Oral Biology (33 decks)

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