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Oral Biology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two classes of muscle?

A
  1. Striated (striped) = skeletal & cardiac

2. Non-striated = smooth muscle

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, smooth

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3
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Produce skeletal movement - muscle contractions pull on tendons to move the bones
  2. Maintain posture and body position - tension in our skeletal muscles maintains body posture
  3. Support soft tissues - layers of skeletal muscle make up the abdominal wall and floor of the pelvic cavity. These muscle support the weight of the visceral organs & shield the internal tissue from injury
  4. Guard body entrances and exits - encircle the openings of the digestive and urinary tracts; gives us voluntary control over swallowing, defecating and urinating
  5. Maintain body temperature - muscle contractions require energy; some of it is converted to heat.
  6. Store nutrients - when a diet is low in protein or calories, the contractile proteins in skeletal muscles are broken down into amino acids and released into circulation. Liver can use some of the amino acids for glucose synthesis.
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4
Q

How are skeletal muscles stimulated?

A

Via the somatic nervous system (motor nerves)

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5
Q

Are the skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary in regards to control?

A

Voluntary

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6
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

The main muscle of the heart (myocardium) and adjacent portions of great vessels.

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7
Q

How is the cardiac muscle stimulated?

A

Via the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic (increases muscular contraction) and parasympathetic (decreases muscular contraction))

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8
Q

Whats the function of smooth muscle?

A

Acts mainly to propel substances and to restrict flow

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9
Q

How is smooth muscle stimulated?

A

Via the autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

Walls of hollow viscera & blood vessels, iris & ciliary body of the eye

Attached to the hair follicles of skin

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11
Q

Whats the generic structure of Skeletal muscles?

A

Belly: the fleshy contractile part of a muscle

Head: the end of skeletal muscles; attach to tendons (always a proximal and distal attachment)

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12
Q

What are the shapes of skeletal muscles? (1)

A

Flat muscle: Oblique muscles of the

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13
Q

What are the shapes of skeletal muscles? (2)

A

Pennate muscle: Feather like

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14
Q

What are the shapes of the skeletal muscles? (3)

A

Multipennate:

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15
Q

What are the shapes of the skeletal muscles? (4)

A

Fusiform:

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16
Q

What are the shapes of the skeletal muscles? (5)

A

Quadrate:

17
Q

What are the shapes of the skeletal muscles? (6)

A

Circular or Sphincteric:

18
Q

What are the shapes of the skeletal muscles? (7)

A

Multi-headed or Multi-bellied (triceps):

19
Q

How are muscles names?

A

Based on function (abductor digiti minimi)

Based on the bones they’re attached to (sternocleido-mastoid)

Based on their position (medial, lateral, anterior, posterior) or length (brevis - short, longus - long)

20
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contraction? (1)

A

Reflexive contraction: Certain movements are autonomic - respiratory movements or diaphragm & myotatic reflex (tendon reflex - knee jerk)

21
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contraction? (2)

A

Tonic: Muscle is in a state of slight contraction even when relaxed (muscle tone)

Skeletal muscles are always in this state when not “active”

22
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contraction? (3)

A

Phasic:

1) Isotonic = change in muscle length - movement
2) Isometric = no change in muscle length - no movement but force (muscle tension) is increased above the tonic level

23
Q

What are the 4 functions of skeletal muscles? (1)

A

Prime mover (agonist): Main muscle for a specific action

24
Q

What are the 4 functions of skeletal muscles? (2)

A

Antagonist - Opposes the action

When the main muscle is moving a joint, the antagonist will limit the movement

25
Q

What are the 4 functions of skeletal muscles? (3)

A

Fixators - steady the proximal part, when the distal part is moving

26
Q

What are the 4 functions of skeletal muscles? (4)

A

Synergist - compliment the action of prime mover

27
Q

What is the neuromuscular bundle?

A

A group of nerves/veins (superficial)/arteries (deep) - found within a common fascial compartment

28
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

The function unit of the muscle; a single motor neuron and the muscle fibres innervated by it

29
Q

(Upper limb) What are the 2 muscle compartments in the arm?

A

Flexor compartment: Biceps (nerves - musculocutaneous nerve = C5,6/7)

Extensor compartment: Triceps (nerve - radial nerve = C5-T1)

30
Q

(Upper limb) What are the 2 muscle compartments of the forearm?

A

Flexor compartment: Flexors of the wrist & finger joints (nerve - median & ulnar nerve = C6,7,8 & T1)

Extensor compartment: Extensors of the wrist and finger joints (nerve - radial nerve (C5 - T1)

31
Q

(lower limb) What are the 3 muscle compartments of the thigh?

A

Adductor/medial compartment: adductor muscles (nerve - obturator nerve = L2,3,4)

Extensor/anterior compartment: Quadriceps femoris (nerve - femoral nerve = L2,3,4)

Flexors/posterior compartment: Hanstrings group of muscles (nerve - branches of sciatic nerve = L4,5, S1,2,3

32
Q

(lower limb) What is the Iliopoas group?

A

Flexion at the hip & flexion at the hip or lumbar intervertabral joints (nerve - femoral nerve = L2,3 & branches of the lumbar plexus = lumbar L2,3)

33
Q

(lower limb) What are the 3 muscle compartments of the lower leg?

A

Anterior/extensor compartment: Dorsi flexors of the ankle & extensors of toes (nerves - deep fibular nerve = L4,5 & S1)

Lateral compartment: Evertors of foot (nerve - superficial fibular nerve = L5, S1/2)

Posterior/flexor compartment: calf muscles - plantar flexors and flexors of toes (nerve - tibial nerve = L4,5 & S1,2,3)

34
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Muscles of mastication move the mandible at the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Masseter (superficial): Elevates mandible and closes the jaws (nerve - trigeminal nerve (N.V) mandibular branch)

Temporalis (deep): Elevates the jaw (nerve - trigeminal nerve (N.V) mandibular branch)

Lateral pterygoid: Opens jaws, protrudes mandible or performs lateral ecursion (nerve - Trigeminal nerve (N.V) mandibular branch)

Medial Pteryoid: Elevates the mandible and closes the jaws, or slides the mandible from side to side (lateral excursion) (nerve - Trigeminal nerve (N.V) mandible branch)

35
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue surrounding muscle? (Superficial to deep) (1)

A

Epimysium: dense layer of collagen fibres that surround the entire muscle; separating it from nearby tissues and organs. Connected to the deep fascia (dense irregular CT)

36
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue surrounding muscle? (Superficial to deep) (2)

A

Perimysium: divides the skeletal muscles into a series of compartments; each one containing a bundle of muscle fibres called a fascicle.

Contains collagen, elastic fibres, blood vessels and nerves (neuromuscular bundle)

37
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue surrounding muscle? (Superficial to deep) (3)

A

Endomysium: found within the fascicle bundles; surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibres) and loosely interconnects adjacent muscle fibres.

Flexible and elastic CT containing capillary networks (blood supply) and myosatelite cells (stem cells that help repair damaged muscle tissue. Finally, nerve fibres which control the muscle

38
Q

The collagen fibres of the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium come together at the end of the muscle to form a…

A

Dundle known as a Tendon

Broad sheet known as Aponeurosis

The tendon and aponeurosis form indirect attachments from muscles to the periosteum of bones or to the connective tissue of other muscles

Oral Biology (33 decks)

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