SAGS Flashcards
a structural isomers
compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
an homologous series
a series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and have the same general formula, in which each member differs from the previous one by a single CH2 unit
a functional group
an atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule
an unsaturated compound
a compound in which there is at least one double and/or triple bond between carbon atoms
a saturated compound
a compound in which all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds
a hydrocarbon
a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
an electrolyte
a substance that can conduct electricity due to the presence of free ions when molten or dissolved in solution
cathode
the electrode where reduction takes place
anode
the electrode where oxidation takes place
an reducing agent
a substance that donates electrons
an oxidising agent
a substance that accepts electrons
reduction
the gain of electrons
oxidation
the loss of electrons
redox reaction
a reaction involving the transfer of electrons
standard solution
a solution of known concentration
neutralisation
a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react so that neither is in excess
hydrolysis
a reaction of an ion (from a salt) with water
salt
a substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation
an amphoteric (or amphiprotic) substance
a substance that can act as either an acid or a base
a weak base
a base that only ionises partially in an aqueous solution
a strong base
a base that dissociates almost completely in an aqueous solution
dissociation
the splitting of an ionic compound into its ions
a weak acid
an acid that only ionises partially in an aqueous solution
ionisation
The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions.
a strong acid
an acid that ionises almost completely in an aqueous solution
a base
a proton acceptor
a acid
a proton donor
Le Châtelier’s principle
When an external stress (change in pressure, temperature or concentration) is applied to a system in dynamic chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium point will change in such a way as to counteract the stress.
An open system
One in which both energy and matter can be exchanged between the system and its surroundings.
A closed system
One in which mass is conserved inside the system but energy can enter or leave the system freely.
catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of the reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.
reaction rate
The change in amount or concentration per unit time of either a reactant or product.
activated complex
A high energy, unstable transition state between the reactants and the products.
activation energy
The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction OR the energy required to form the activated complex.
endothermic reactions
Reactions which transform thermal energy into chemical potential energy.
exothermic reactions
Reactions which transform chemical potential energy into thermal energy.
heat of reaction (H)
The net change of chemical potential energy of the system.
electronegativity
A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
molar concentration
The amount of solute per unit volume of solution
molar mass
The mass in grams of one mole of that substance.
