Sagittal Plane GAIT

Question 1

In the sagittal plane on initial contact the thigh is in _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and is positioned for stability and forward progression.

Answer 1

20; flexion

Question 2

The external moment of the hip on initial contact is (flexion/extension) and that is because the GRF is (anterior/posterior) to the hip joint and the muscle activity will be from the hip (flexors/extensors) because they will be keeping you upright.

Answer 2

flexion; anterior; extensors

Question 3

On initial contact, the type of contraction that is occurring at the hip is most likely an (eccentric/isometric) contraction of the hip (flexors/extensors) to stabilize your weight against this external moment.

Answer 3

isometric; extensors

Question 4

In the sagittal plane during loading response the thigh maintains _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and maintains stability and avoids trunk flexion.

Answer 4

20; flexion

Question 5

The external moment of the hip during the loading response is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the hip (flexors/extensors).

Answer 5

flexion; extensors

Question 6

If I went from 30 degrees of hip flexion to 20 degrees of hip flexion that would be a (concentric/eccentric) contraction because the muscle length of the hip extensors would be (shortening/lengthening).

Answer 6

concentric; shortening

Question 7

In the sagittal plane during mid stance the thigh extends to _ degrees and its’ function is forward progression of the passenger unit.

Answer 7

0

Question 8

The external moment of the hip during midstance goes from (flexion/extension) to slight (flexion/extension) and that is because the GRF is now (anterior/posterior) to the hip joint and the muscle activity will come from the hip (flexors/extensors).

Answer 8

flexion; extension; posterior; extensors

Question 9

In the sagittal plane during terminal stance the thigh (flexes/extends) to _ degrees and its’ function is forward progression to increase step length.

Answer 9

extends; 20

Question 10

The external moment of the hip during terminal stance is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the hip (flexors/extensors).

Answer 10

extension; flexors

Question 11

In terminal stance you want the (stance/swing) leg to stay on the ground for as long as possible, so the (stance/swing) leg can take as big as a step as possible to really walk efficiently.

Answer 11

stance; swing

Question 12

In terminal stance the hip is moving into (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity is from the hip (flexors/extensors) because the hip flexors act to not let you go into further (flexion/extension) and it is slowing you down so that you can now go forward again.

Answer 12

extension; flexors; extension

Question 13

In the sagittal plane during pre-swing the thigh is in _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is to advance the limb.

Answer 13

10; extension

Question 14

The external moment of the hip during pre-swing is (flexion/extension) that is (increasing/decreasing) and the muscle activity will come from the hip (flexors/extensors) that are working (concentrically/eccentrically).

Answer 14

extension; decreasing; flexors; concentrically

Question 15

In the sagittal plane during initial swing the thigh is in _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is forward progression.

Answer 15

15; flexion

Question 16

The external moment of the hip during initial swing is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come sometimes from the hip (flexors/extensors) and sometimes none.

Answer 16

flexion; flexors

Question 17

The external moment of the hip during initial swing is to (flexion/extension) even though there is no GRF and this is because if I get into a good rhythm with walking, my hip flexion is from (momentum/COP), it is from me harnessing all of my bodies movements and I don’t need to use all of my hip flexors to walk. Remember, proper walking is the least amount of energy used, it is the way you want to walk.

Answer 17

flexion; momentum

Question 18

In the sagittal plane during mid swing the thigh is in _ degrees of hip (flexion/extension) and its’ function is forward progression and foot clearance.

Answer 18

25; flexion

Question 19

The external moment of the hip during mid swing is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the hip (flexors/extensors) because all of the momentum has run out and now the hip flexors have to kick in to progress you forward.

Answer 19

flexion; flexors

Question 20

In the sagittal plane during terminal swing the thigh is in _ degrees of hip (flexion/extension) and its’ function is to position the leg for initial contact.

Answer 20

20; flexion

Question 21

The external moment of the hip during terminal swing is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the hip (flexors/extensors) because they will be trying to slow the leg down and it is preparing for the second you put your heel on the ground for initial contact. As we know, in initial contact you need the hip (flexors/extensors) to turn on.

Answer 21

flexion; extensors; extensors

Question 22

In the sagittal plane during initial contact the knee is in _-_degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is stability.

Answer 22

0-5; flexion

Question 23

The external moment of the knee during initial contact is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from both the knee (flexors and extensors/abductors and adductors). When you flex your knee and you land, you will have a flexion moment. So the knee extensors will be engaged to avoid the (flexion/extension) torque. Your hip extensors are also knee flexors, so if my hip extensors aid in hip extension, they are going to be turned on at the hip. You can’t just turn on one part of the hip and keep the other part off so that is how things link together. Think of the co contractions between the hamstrings and quads during squats, same thing applies here.

Answer 23

flexion; flexors and extensors; flexion

Question 24

In the sagittal plane during loading response the knee is in _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is stability and shock absorption.

Answer 24

20; flexion

Question 25

The external moment of the knee during loading response is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the knee (flexors/extensors) because the GRF is (anterior/posterior) to the knee.

Answer 25

flexion; extensors; posterior

Question 26

In the sagittal plane during mid stance the knee is in _-_ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is stability

Answer 26

0-5; flexion

Question 27

The external moment of the knee during mid stance is (flexion/extension) to (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the knee (flexors/extensors).

Answer 27

flexion to extension; extensors

Question 28

If someone has a weak quad and I start to move my body forward, the COM will be (anterior/posterior) to my knee and my knee (flexors/extensors) will be controlling my knee extension as I go from a flexed knee to an extended knee. If they don’t have great control, what ends up happening is the person will get what is called an extension thrust and they will go backwards. The knee will snap back into hyper extension

Answer 28

anterior; extensors

Question 29

In the sagittal plane during terminal stance the knee is in full )(flexion/extension) and its’ function is stability and to increase the step length.

Answer 29

extension

Question 30

The external moment of the knee during terminal stance is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will mostly be (passive/active) and come from the _____ and ______.

Answer 30

extension; passive; gastrocnemius and popliteus

Question 31

If I had a knee flexion contracture the (mid/terminal) stance would mostly be affected because we have to get into full (flexion/extension) for proper terminal stance. If you can’t get your knee fully straight, I will never get the leg back far enough in the (mid/terminal) stance.

Answer 31

terminal; extension; terminal

Question 32

In the sagittal plane during pre-swing the knee is in _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is to prepare for swing.

Answer 32

40; flexion

Question 33

The external moment of the knee during pre-swing is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from (minor/major) knee flexors and knee extensors

Answer 33

flexion; minor

Question 34

In the sagittal plane during initial swing the knee is in _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is foot clearance.

Answer 34

60; flexion

Question 35

The external moment of the knee during initial swing is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the knee (flexors/extensors).

Answer 35

flexion; flexors

Question 36

During initial swing your external moment continues to be knee (flexion/extension) because of (muscle activity/momentum). So the momentum is pulling your thigh forward and it keeps your knee bending into (flexion/extension). It is not muscle activity or GRF, it is due to momentum.

Answer 36

flexion; momentum; flexion

Question 37

In the sagittal plane during mid swing the knee goes from _ degrees of (flexion/extension) to _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is limb advancement.

Answer 37

60; 30; flexion; flexion

Question 38

The external moment of the knee during mid swing is (flexion/extension) due to (GRF/momentum) and the muscle activity will come from the minimal knee (flexors/extensors) because the foot is not on the ground yet.

Answer 38

extension; momentum; extensors

Question 39

In the sagittal plane during terminal swing the knee goes from _ degrees of (flexion/extension) to _ degrees of (flexion/extension) and its’ function is limb advancement and prepare for stance.

Answer 39

30; flexion; 5; flexion

Question 40

The external moment of the knee during terminal swing is (flexion/extension) and the muscle activity will come from the knee (flexors and knee extensors/adductors and abductors).

Answer 40

flexion; flexors and extensors

Question 41

In the sagittal plane during initial contact, the position of the ankle is in (neutral/plantar flexion) and its’ function is to begin the heel rocker and impact (acceleration/deceleration). So in this phase as you are falling forward and the initial contact reacting with the ground is (speeding me up/slowing me down).

Answer 41

neutral; deceleration; slowing me down

Question 42

The external moment of the ankle during initial contact is (plantar/dorsi) flexion and the muscle activity will come from the ankle (plantarflexors/dorsiflexors). The foot is in neutral in this phase and wants to (plantar/dorsi) flex, thereby the ankle activity will be from the ankle (plantarflexors/dorsiflexors) trying to resist that fall.

Answer 42

plantar; dorsiflexors; plantar; dorsiflexors

Question 43

If you had a peripheral nerve injury or even a lumbar root issue, you can have a drop foot or foot slap occur with weakness of the (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors) because the (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors) aren’t able to slowly and eccentrically (dorsiflex/plantarflex) the foot. They lose control and there is a loud slap.

Answer 43

dorsiflexors; dorsiflexors; plantarflex

Question 44

The ankle dorsiflexors are (active/not active) during the swing phase to work to clear your toes from the ground, but they are the most active during (initial swing/initial contact) because they are supporting the body weight in this phase.

Answer 44

active; initial contact

Question 45

When you heel walk your weight is being supported by the ankle (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors) and the force is pulling your foot down on the ground.

Answer 45

dorsiflexors

Question 46

In the sagittal plane during loading response, the position of the ankle is in _ degrees of (dorsi/plantar) flexion and its’ function is to initiate progression and realigning the ankle axis.

Answer 46

10; plantar

Question 47

The external moment of the ankle during loading response is (dorsi/plantar) flexion and the muscle activity will come from the ankle (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors).

Answer 47

plantar; dorsiflexors

Question 48

In the sagittal plane during mid stance, the position of the ankle goes from _ degrees of ____ flexion to _ degrees of ____ and its’ function is ankle rocker progression, shock absorption, and stability. If I am going from _ degrees of ____ flexion to _ degrees of ______ it is the (heel/ankle) rocker that is working because the tibia has to be advancing on the talus.

Answer 48

5; plantar; 5; dorsiflexion; 5; plantar; 5; dorsiflexion; ankle

Question 49

In the sagittal plane during mid stance, the shock absorption is coming from the foot in a (pronated/supinated) position.

Answer 49

pronated

Question 50

The external moment of the ankle during mid stance is (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) and the muscle activity will come from the ankle (dorsi/plantar) flexors. As my tibia advances forward and my COM is now forward in front of my ankle the external moment will be ankle (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) and I will be pulled into ankle (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) and that is why the ankle (dorsi/plantar) flexors are working to resist that fall/movement that is occurring in this phase.

Answer 50

dorsiflexion; plantar; dorsiflexion; dorsiflexion; plantar

Question 51

In the sagittal plane during terminal stance, the position of the ankle is in _ degrees of (dorsi/plantar) flexion and the heel lifts at this point. The function in this stance is forefoot rocker progression that is aided by extension of the (MTP/Flexor hallucis longus).

Answer 51

10; dorsi; MTP

Question 52

In the sagittal plane during GAIT, the terminal stance is the phase where will you have the most amount of ankle (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion).

Answer 52

dorsiflexion

Question 53

The external moment of the ankle during terminal stance is (dorsi/plantar) flexion and the muscle activity will come from the ankle (dorsi/plantar) flexors and what other muscle?

Answer 53

dorsi; plantar and flexor hallucis longus

Question 54

If I went from 5 degrees of plantar flexion to 5 degrees of dorsiflexion and then to 10 degrees of dorsiflexion during the terminal stance, the plantar flexors would be working (concentrically/eccentrically) because they are getting (shorter/longer) and controlling dorsiflexion.

Answer 54

eccentrically; longer

Question 55

In the sagittal plane during the terminal stance of the ankle the flexor hallucis longus is now actively contracting as you go into extension to (speed up/slow down) the progression. It turns on because it is a toe (flexor/extensor) (remember in terminal stance the forefoot rocker progression is being aided by EXTENSION of the MTP) and you are moving into extension so this muscle turns on to provide a little support to not go into (flexion/extension) too quickly. So it is working (concentrically/eccentrically).

Answer 55

slow down; flexor; extension; eccentrically

Question 56

In the sagittal plane during pre-swing, we are kind of going on our toe and the position of the ankle is in _ degrees of (dorsi/plantar) flexion and its’ function is propulsion that begins knee (flexion/extension) and the max extension of the MTP initiates the (ankle/toe) rocker.

Answer 56

25; plantar; flexion; toe

Question 57

Max extension of the MTP is associated with the (forefoot/toe) rocker in the ____ phase.

Answer 57

toe; pre swing

Question 58

The external moment of the ankle during pre-swing is (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) and the muscle activity will come from the ankle (dorsi/plantar) flexors that are working (concentrically/eccentrically) and the elastic recoil of the _____ tendon. If I am in plantar flexion and I am pushing off, the muscle group that is helping me the most at the ankle is the ankle (dorsi/plantar) flexors during push off.

Answer 58

dorsiflexion; plantar; concentrically; achilles; plantar

Question 59

Elastic recoil of the achilles tendon during pre-swing is like the (active/passive) tension that is forming through the gastrocnemius and soleus tendon in that position and is allowing the propulsion to take place. If I am walking it is important for me to keep a good pace in order to harness the (active/passive) tension.

Answer 59

passive; passive

Question 60

In the sagittal plane during initial swing the position of the ankle is in _ degrees of (dorsi/plantar) flexion and the function is foot clearance.

Answer 60

5; plantar

Question 61

The external moment of the ankle in initial swing is (dorsi/plantar) flexion and the muscle activity will come from the (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors). You can feel this by standing with your leg up in the air and you will feel how gravity is pulling your foot down into (dorsi / plantar) flexion. And your muscle activity if you are going to clear the toes for lift off has to be (dorsi/plantar) flexion working (concentrically/eccentrically).

Answer 61

plantar; dorsiflexors; plantar; dorsi; concentrically

Question 62

In the sagittal plane during mid swing the position of the ankle is in (neutral/plantarflexion) and the function is foot clearance.

Answer 62

neutral

Question 63

The external moment of the ankle in mid swing is (dorsi/plantar) flexion and the muscle activity will come from the (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors).

Answer 63

plantar; dorsiflexors

Question 64

In the sagittal plane during terminal swing the position of the ankle is in (neutral/plantar flexion) and the function is to prepare for initial contact.

Answer 64

neutral

Question 65

The external moment of the ankle in terminal swing is (dorsi / plantar) flexion and the muscle activity will come from the (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors).

Answer 65

plantar; dorsiflexors

Question 66

In the sagittal plane from mid swing to terminal swing the (plantarflexors/dorsiflexors) are working (concentrically/isometrically) because the position of the foot from mid swing to terminal swing stayed in _____.

Answer 66

dorsiflexors; isometrically; neutral

Question 67

The most important thing clinically to know is that on heel contact and the loading response is that the (dorsiflexors/plantarflexors) are working (concentrically/eccentrically).

Answer 67

dorsiflexors; eccentrically