Ankle & Foot Flashcards
The foot and ankle are extremely important for shock absorption, so every time we step and every time we land, they take the initial shock of that impact. They have the ability to adapt to different terrain as well. They create the formation of a rigid lever for push off during GAIT.
Got it
The distal tibiofibular joint is stabilized by the _____ membrane and the anterior and posterior distal ____ ligaments.
interosseous; tibiofibular
The interosseous membrane is extremely important as we saw in the forearm, as it is in the lower leg with maintaining the relationship of the tibia and fibula. The distal tibia and fibula ligaments also play an important role in maintaining this relationship. This becomes extremely important when we are considering people who have had an ankle sprain. With ankle sprains, the one thing we have to rule out is, is it a high ankle sprain? If it is a high ankle sprain that leads us to understand that there is damage to the anterior and posterior ____ ligaments as well as possibly the most distal ends of the ___ membrane. When they are damaged that is going to affect stability and function of the ____ joint.
tibiofibular; interosseous; talocrural
It is also important to understand that the tibia has a certain amount of normal torsion just like the femur. In adults, the tibial torsion is approximately 20-30 degrees. It is evident by slight (internal/external) rotation of the foot while standing. Most people will out toe a little bit and part of that is made up of the femur and part of that is made up of the tibia.
external
There are _ rays. The 1st ray is made up of the (medial/middle) cuneiform, the 1st metatarsal, and the toe. The 2nd ray is made up of the (medial/middle) cuneiform, the 2nd metatarsal, and the toe. The 3rd ray consists of the (middle/lateral) cuneiform, the 3rd metatarsal, and the toe.
The 4th ray does not include the cuboid, but it includes the 4th metatarsal and toe, and the 5th ray is the 5th metatarsal and toe.
The reason it is important to know this is if you are reading any literature on the foot and ankle, they typically use that terminology to describe what part of the foot they are talking about .
5; medial; middle; lateral
We have to think of the talocrural joint as a mortise joint. It is basically a tongue in groove type of joint. It will be a very stable and solid joint. In the talocrural joint, the mortise is formed by the inferior and lateral aspects of the distal (tibia/fibula) and the medial aspect of the distal (tibia/fibula).
tibia; fibula
The majority of weight bearing (approximately 85%) goes through the (tibia/fibula), so there is a lot of force going through the (tibia/fibula) and very little force going through the (tibia/fibula).
tibia; tibia; fibula
The anterior width on the talocrural joint is (narrower/wider) than the posterior width. This is one reason why when the foot is in a dorsi flexed position that the ankle is much more (loose/stable).
wider; stable
The talocrural joint is a (fibrous/synovial) joint, so it has a fibrous and synovial capsule.
synovial
Blending in with the capsule in the talocrural joint is the (medial/lateral) collateral ligament, also known as the deltoid ligament which is made up of a variety of different bands.
medial
The medial collateral ligaments are going to resist calcaneal (inversion/eversion), or what is also known as a (varus/valgus) force.
eversion; valgus
Sprains to the (medial/lateral) collateral ligaments are rare due to its strength and due to the bony block of the more distally projecting fibula on the lateral side.
medial
Besides the fact that these ligaments that make up the talocrural joint can resist valgus forces, you should be able to tell based on their fiber orientations that the anterior ligaments of the talocrural joint are going to be put on tension when the foot is in (dorsi/plantar) flexion and the posterior ligaments are going to be put on tension when the foot is in (dorsi/plantar) flexion.
plantar; dorsi
If we are thinking that it is a high ankle sprain to the anterior tibiofibular ligament or the interosseous membrane it could be caused by an excessive (internal/external) rotation of the foot while the tibia will be (medially/externally) rotated. It separates the tibia and the fibula laterally and can potentially injure the tibiofibular ligament and the interosseous membrane.
external; medially
If it is a bad enough ankle sprain, it can be pretty significant. Sometimes the interosseous membrane is sprained and the tibia and the fibula separate. So that is a (low/high) ankle sprain.
high
When recovering from a fibula fracture, it is allowed to weight bear (quicker/longer) than a tibial fracture because they aren’t absorbing as much force.
quicker
It is (less/more) common to see tibial stress fractures compared to fibular fractures.
more
Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone. They’re caused by repetitive force, often from overuse — such as repeatedly jumping up and down or running long distances. Stress fractures can also develop from normal use of a bone that’s weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.
When someone has a lateral ankle sprains they have a hard time with (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) because they can’t put their talocrural joint in its’ most stable position. They can’t get into (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) so they are in a more vulnerable position to continue rolling/spraining their ankle.
dorsiflexion; dorsiflexion
When someone has a lateral ankle sprain they have a tendency to lose (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion).
dorsiflexion
The deltoid ligament as a complex is (stronger/weaker) than the lateral side. It is much more dense tissue so when you sprain a ligament, if the tissue doesn’t give first the attachment will give.
stronger
The deltoid ligament is on the (medial/lateral) side of the ankle.
medial
Injuring the deltoid ligament will be an (inversion/eversion) ankle sprain.
eversion
On the lateral side of the ankle we have (a more/ a less) distinctive lateral collateral ligament.
a more
The LCL is made up of three ligaments and they will resist calcaneal (eversion/inversion) or calcaneal (valgus/varus) forces.
inversion; varus
The (MCL/LCL) ligaments are the ligaments that are most frequently sprained when we have an ankle sprain.
LCL
The LCL ligaments of the foot are made up of the anterior _____ ligament, posterior ____ligament, and the _____ ligament.
talofibular; talofibular; calcaneofibular
The lateral collateral ligaments can resist (inversion/eversion) forces and (superior/anterior) and (inferior/posterior) translations of the foot on the tibia and fibula.
inversion; anterior and posterior
In reference to lateral ankle sprains. The talocrural joint is less wide in the (dorsi flexed / plantar flexed) position because the posterior articular surface of the talus is the (widest/narrowest). So you have the narrowest part of the articular surface inside the mortise when you are in a (dorsi flexed / plantar flexed) position so there is joint play available there. So while there is joint play the ligaments or muscles have to restrain the movement.
plantar flexed; narrowest; plantar flexed
In reference to a lateral ankle sprain… In a plantar flexed position the (anterior/calcaneofibular) talofibular ligament is put on the most tension and is usually the first ligament to be damaged. So as the foot goes into plantar flexion and inverts the application of external forces from the ground or in most cases like basketball (someone else’s foot) pushes up through the foot and causes it to invert while it is in a plantar flexed position. As the foot continues to invert, there will be increased stress put on the (anterior talofibular/calcaneofibular) portion of the LCL and this will occur more so if the foot goes from plantar flexed more towards neutral dorsi flexion / plantar flexion as the person is coming down on the foot.
anterior; calcaneofibular
If the person is going to injure their posterior talofibular ligament, typically it is a combination movement of the person landing on their foot in a (dorsi flexed/ plantar flexed) position, (everted/inverted), heel is falling down towards the ground (so they are moving towards neutral dorsi flexion/plantar flexion) and they are getting jammed up potentially into (dorsi flexion/plantar flexion) as they are (inverted/everted). Now you will have all three ligaments torn and most likely a dislocated ankle at that point.
plantar flexed; inverted; dorsi flexion; inverted
(Intrinsic/Extrinsic) muscles of the ankle are muscles that cross the ankle joint and go into the foot.
Extrinsic
The main inverters of the foot are what two muscles?
The tibialis anterior and the tibialis posterior
The main everters of the foot are what two muscles?
The fibularis longus and the fibularis brevis
The main plantar flexors of the foot are what two muscles?
The gastrocnemius and the soleus
A combination of dorsiflexion and eversion come from muscles that (are/aren’t) huge primary movers of the foot.
aren’t
A combination of dorsiflexion and inversion is a (less/more) common motion that people will do and that is because of the tibialis (anterior/posterior).
more; anterior
When we look at a combination of plantar flexion and eversion, the two muscles that contribute to this movement and are much stronger than the fibularis tertius which is a dorsi flexor and everter are what?
The fibularis longus and the fibularis brevis
When we look at plantar flexion and inversion you have a lot of muscles involved, but the primary muscle involved is the tibialis (anterior/posterior) and it is very common when you see someone do a heel raise (going on their toes), because tibialis (anterior/posterior) is a plantar flexor and inverter, it should cause the calcaneus to (invert/evert) and that is a common test you use to determine if someone’s tibialis posterior is actually working.
posterior; posterior; invert
The talocrural joint has (one/two) joint axis from which motion occurs and it is a relatively (medial-lateral/supero-inferior) joint axis.
one; medial-lateral
The subtalar joint is the axis from which (dorsi flexion/inversion) and (plantar flexion/eversion) occurs.
inversion; eversion
Plantar flexors are (anterior/posterior) to the talocrural joint axis, if they are an inverter they are (medial/lateral) to the subtalar joint axis.
posterior; medial
The achilles tendon would not be an inverter because it is a strong (dorsi flexor/plantar flexor).
plantar flexor
The foot has to be able to have enough movement and pliability to adjust to the terrain, but at the same time it has to then switch to a rigid lever as you push off into toe off. So the foot goes from being malleable and then in another position it is rigid to be able to push off effectively and continue with propulsion. So it switches back and forth from being malleable and rigid.
Got it
When the foot is at _ degrees (the foot is at a right angle to the leg) it is considered to be neutral.
90
When the foot is in a less than 90 degree position it is (dorsi/plantar) flexed.
dorsi
When the foot is in a more than 90 degree position it is (dorsi/plantar) flexed.
plantar
What three movements go with open chain pronation ?
Abduction, dorsi flexion, and eversion
Dorsi flexion goes with foot and ankle (pronation/supination)
pronation
Pronation in laymans term means that there is a (flat/high) arch (the arch flattens). The foot is over pronated when the medial longitudinal arch lays (flat/high).
flat; flat
When you dorsi flex your foot, your foot is heading towards the (pronated/supinated) position, so with dorsi flexion comes (pronation/supination).
pronated; pronation
With plantar flexion comes (pronation/supination)
supination
So if I am walking and my heel makes contact and then I go through this phase of GAIT where I’m on my heel and my toes are up, my foot is (pronating/supinating), as I go into plantar flexion, the foot is going into (pronation/supination).
pronating; supination
In the open kinetic chain in dorsi flexion, the talus rolls (anteriorly/posteriorly) and slides (anteriorly/posteriorly).
anteriorly; posteriorly
In the open kinetic chain in plantar flexion, the talus rolls (anteriorly/posteriorly) and slides (anteriorly/posteriorly).
posteriorly; anteriorly
The tibia and fibula are (concave/convex) and the talus is (concave/convex).
concave; convex
In the CKC the tibia and fibula is moving on the (talus/navicular) and the (talus/navicular) stays put.
talus; talus
The tibia is (concave/convex) and the talus is (concave/convex).
concave; convex
In the CKC for dorsi flexion and plantar flexion it is (concave on convex/convex on concave).
concave on convex
In the CKC for dorsi flexion it is an (anterior roll and anterior slide/posterior roll and posterior slide).
anterior roll and anterior slide
In the CKC for plantar flexion it is a (anterior roll and anterior slide/posterior roll and posterior slide)
posterior roll and posterior slide
The idea of a heel raise follows the (open/closed) kinetic chain arthrokinematics.
open
The two bones that make up the subtalar joint are the ___ and the ____ .
talus and the calcaneus
The ligaments that support the subtalar joint are some parts of the _____ ligaments, the ____ ligament, and the interosseous _____ ligament.
collateral; spring; talocalcaneal
The interosseous talocalcaneal ligament goes between what two bones?
The talus and the calcaneus
The anterior (or anterior-medial) facets on the calcaneus is slightly (concave/convex) while the talus is slightly (concave/convex).
concave; convex
The posterior facet of the calcaneus is slightly (concave/convex), while the posterior facet of the talus is slightly (concave/convex).
convex; concave
What you get because of the reciprocal convexities of the anterior and posterior facets of the subtalar joint is that there will be opposing contours producing a screw like twisting motion around the STJ axis . There is a slight toggle where the subtalar joint can slightly twist because of this. That slight little motion is formed because this joint has a (uniform/slightly unique) axis.
slightly unique
The subtalar joint axis is an (straight/obliquely) oriented axis around which (biplanar/triplanar) motion occurs
obliquely; triplanar
The subtalar joint axis can vary a lot depending on the person’s anatomical structure. The motion that is going to occur on this axis is (flexion/pronation) and (extension/supination).
pronation and supination
(Open/Closed) kinetic chain is the most clinically relevant. If it is closed chain, you are going to have a flat foot if you over (supinate/pronate) and that is where most of us are going to use it. We don’t use open kinetic chain as often.
Closed; pronate
As an individual steps down on the ground, the calcaneus is fixed in (open/closed) kinetic chain. With the calcaneus fixed, what we are moving into is calcaneal (inversion/eversion), with talar (dorsi/plantar) flexion and (adduction/abduction).
closed; eversion; plantar flexion; adduction
As we are in closed chain going into dorsi flexion, we go into (pronation/supination) and we’ll also get calcaneal (inversion/eversion), talar (dorsi/plantar) flexion , and (adduction/abduction).
pronation; eversion; plantar; adduction
Pronation is ankle (dorsi/plantar) flexion and talar (dorsi/plantar) flexion
dorsi; plantar
Pronation at the (subtalar/talocrual) joint is made up of ankle dorsi flexion, while pronation at the (subtalar/talocrual) joint is made up of talar plantar flexion and adduction and calcaneal eversion.
talocrual; subtalar
During pronation of the ankle, the tibia is (medially/laterally) rotating. The front of the tibia is pointed anterior and at the completion of pronation the tibia (internally/externally) rotates as you pronate.
medially; internally
Another effect of pronation is that the foot and ankle bring the tibia to (medial/lateral) rotation and if the tibia (medially/laterally) rotates, it changes the angle at which the knee can operate. So this is the whole idea of a kinetic chain and how someone’s foot can play a role in how the knee and hip act.
medial; medially
As the foot lands and goes into dorsi flexion, the tibia (internally/externally) rotates and the knee would have the same issue as well and would be out of position.
internally
If you were to over pronate during loading it could potentially lead to genu (varum/valgum).
valgum
A motion that a lot of us do throughout the day that is closed chain (dorsi/plantar) flexion would be squatting. So if I go into over (pronation/supination) and my foot is now dipping down, that causes the tibia to go to (internal/external) rotation, the femur follows along and you can get the (valgus/varus) position. The implication is that a lot of over pronation is felt upstream at other joints.
dorsi; pronation; internal; valgus
The goal is to get really comfortable with this to the point that the first day we are on clinicals and someone has anterior knee pain. Our tunnel vision won’t be on the part that has the diagnosis, we’ll be looking at the whole spectrum. We’ll say oh, let me check what they look like when they do a single leg squat and if they over (pronate/supinate) maybe there is something I have to do at the foot because their source of pain is at the knee but their movement impairment is actually coming from the foot and ankle.
pronate
In supination in closed chain, there will be calcaneal (inversion/eversion) and talar (dorsi/plantar) flexion and (adduction/abduction).
inversion; dorsi; abduction
Closed chain supination is (going into/returning from) its most pronated position. So the foot is going to go in pronation and when it stops and comes back out it ends up in supination.
returning from
Supination of the foot is associated with (internal/external) rotation of the leg at the knee.
external
The (medial/lateral) longitudinal arch is a primary load bearing and shock absorbing structure in the foot
medial
The arch shape of the arches (allows/resists) rapid forces exceeding the weightbearing capacity of the bones. So as soon as I jump and land, that rapid quick force is going to be (allowed/resisted) by the arch.
resists; resists
The arches of the foot are supported by the ____ ligament, intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles, bony _____, and the plantar _____
spring; osteology; fascia
What are the extrinsic muscles that help support the arch?
Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and the fibularis longus
If there are insufficiencies through any structure that supports the arches or an insufficiency in the spring ligament then the arch can (rise/flatten) under weight bearing conditions.
flatten
When we talk about the arches of the foot, what allows us to have a rigid foot during push off is this idea of a ____ effect. As we walk and go into extension and the heel raises, this effect (loosens/tightens) the plantar fascia and that (increases/decreases) the rigidity of the foot to help propel the individual forward.
windlass; tightens; increases
If you didn’t have a spring ligament that was robust or a plantar fascia that was robust or a posterior tibialis tendon that has good activation and the ability to support, we (would/wouldn’t) be able to make as rigid as a lever for push off.
wouldn’t
As someone with flat feet lifts their heel off the ground, its not like we see an arch forming. This person (would/would not) get to the point where the windlass effect gets rigid enough and taught enough to create the arch and provide a push off.
would not
If someone comes in with posterior tibialis tendinitis, maybe we can hypothesize that some of the ligaments that support the arch (spring ligament) (are/ are not) functioning well and the posterior tibial tendon is trying to do all of the work on its own and needs support.
are not
During push off the windlass effect helps (prevent/maintain) the arch.
maintain
Pes planus is a (lowered/raised) medial arch.
lowered
Pes planus is accompanied by a (pronated/supinated) foot.
pronated
People with pes (cavus/planus) will have problems with making the foot rigid for push off and it tends to result in overuse symptoms of (extrinsic/intrinsic) foot muscles. So the (extrinsic/intrinsic) foot muscles that are supposed to be supporting the arch are now being overworked.
planus; intrinsic; intrinsic
Calcaneal eversion is the same as calcaneal (valgus/varus).
valgus
Pes cavus is a (lowered/raised) medial arch and it is almost like an overly formed arch. It is accompanied by a (pronated/supinated) foot.
raised; supinated
If this is the arch that is formed in someone with pes cavus and it never goes into pronation, they (will have/won’t have) problems absorbing load through the foot.
will have
Pronation is normal to an extent, it is there to absorb shock and there to absorb forces so a certain amount of pliability is necessary. In a pes cavus position, it is a rigid medial longitudinal arch. So if that person is a runner or a basketball player, or some other activity where they are doing a lot of pounding, they are going to be (allowing/missing) the shock absorption that would come from that part of their foot. Stress fractures could be a result since you are missing the shock absorbers through your foot and now that shock goes through other portions of your leg and you might end up with tibial stress fractures which is a common issue.
missing
Tibial stress fractures is a common issue for those with pes (cavus/planus).
cavus
The midtarsal joint (transverse tarsal joint) is formed by the distal aspect of the (navicular/talar head) and the proximal aspect of the (navicular/talar head) and the distal aspect of the (calcaneus/cuboid) and the proximal aspect of the (calcaneus/cuboid).
talar head; navicular; calcaneus; cuboid
The midtarsal joint is also referred to as Chopart’s joint and a lot of times when people have an issue with over pronation at the midtarsal joint, there is usually some sort of systemic issue or disease or syndrome. Individuals with diabetes for example might have issues with their feet and they might say you have Chopart’s foot and the reason why is because the midtarsal joint is severely unstable and has kind of fallen into that (pronated/supinated) position.
pronated
The midtarsal joint is supported by the _____ ligament.
spring
The spring ligament runs from the _____ to the _____ .
calcaneus to the navicular
The spring ligament will support you in (pronation/supination) because as you pronate the talus is going to adduct and plantar flex and that ligament is going to support that so you avoid over (pronation/supination). As I weight bear through it the talus wants to plantar flex and adduct and the ligament is acting like a sling to hold it in position to avoid excessive plantar flexion and adduction.
pronation; pronation
The spring ligament functions as the floor of the ______ joint, supporting the head of the talus during weight bearing.
talonavicular
The long and short plantar ligament function to stabilize the ______ joint.
calcaneocuboid
The spring ligament is essential and if you don’t have one that is very intact or robust now the talus can move into an over (pronated/supinated) position.
pronated
The midtarsal joint has an ____ axis and a _____ axis.
oblique; longitudinal
Motion at the midtarsal joint is linked with the motion at the _____ joint.
subtalar
The midtarsal joint moves at 1/3 or ½ the amount of motion available at the subtalar joint, so the midtarsal joint has (more/less) motion than the subtalar joint.
less
The (longitudinal/oblique) axis of the midtarsal joint has a strong vertical component and medial component.
oblique
During pronation around the oblique axis of the midtarsal joint is going to be a combination of forefoot (adduction/abduction) and (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion). You will be looking at the (calcaneus/navicular) to determine the motion around this axis.
abduction and dorsiflexion; navicular
The motion that occurs around the longitudinal axis of the midtarsal joint is forefoot (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion/inversion and eversion).
inversion and eversion
During pronation around the longitudinal axis of the midtarsal joint is going to be forefoot (inversion/eversion).
eversion
If the foot needs to stay in contact with the ground for stability, the midtarsal joint system can (pronate/supinate) the forefoot to maintain contact to a certain point.
supinate
During supination around the oblique axis of the midtarsal joint is going to be a combination of forefoot (adduction/abduction) and (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion). You will be looking at the (calcaneus/navicular) to determine the motion around this axis.
adduction; plantarflexion; navicular
During supination around the longitudinal axis of the midtarsal joint is going to be forefoot (inversion/eversion).
inversion
The two axes of the midtarsal joint are directly influenced by the position of the _____ and the _____ because they makeup the midtarsal joint. So if the ______ and the _____ move then the joint axes also move. They change positions depending on whether or not the foot is pronated or supinated.
talus and the calcaneus; talus and the calcaneus
During pronation the calcaneus is (inverted/everted).
everted
During supination the calcaneus is (inverted/everted).
inverted
In the closed kinetic chain with pronation at the subtalar joint the articulations of the midtarsal joint assume more of a (parallel/perpendicular) relationship between the axes which allows for (increased/decreased) motion. The foot becomes a “loose bag of bones” which helps it accommodate to the terrain.
parallel; increased
In the closed kinetic chain with supination at the subtalar joint the articulations of the midtarsal joint assume a more (parallel/angled) relationship between the axes which results in (increased/decreased) motion. The foot becomes a (loose/rigid) lever which helps it to act as a lever for push off.
angled; decreased; rigid
Between the intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, and intermetatarsal joints there is a (small/large) amount of motion at these joints.
small
The intertarsal joints provide (mobility/stability) over the (forefoot/midfoot) by formation of the transverse arch
stability; midfoot
The 1st and 5th rays have (more/less) mobility which will help the foot adapt to the surface of the ground
more
The 2nd tarsometatarsal joint is the (least/most) mobile to provide a stable central pillar through the foot
least
The motion at the 1st ray consists of (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion/supination and pronation).
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
The total amount of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion in the 1st ray should be (different/equal).
equal
Curling your toes and then extending them from the curled position is also known as (dorsi flexion and plantarflexion/pronation and supination) of the metatarsophalangeal joints.
dorsi flexion and plantarflexion
Motion at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints primarily consists of (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion/pronation and supination).
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Motion at the _ metatarsophalangeal joint is very important for the normal gait cycle.
1st
You need roughly 85 degrees of hyperextension at the 1st MTP for normal gait mechanics. If you have (more/less) than 65 degrees of hyperextension at the 1st MTP it leads to altered gait mechanics. You will see a shift to the (medial/lateral) side of their foot to avoid that joint and it could make you want to (internally/externally) rotate your foot, and it (increases/decreases) force for push off in gait.
less; lateral; externally; decreases
If you have a stiff big toe you will not be able to generate the force for push off in GAIT because you wouldn’t be able to create as much of a ______ effect.
windlass
Calcaneovalgus is a (sagittal/frontal) plane deformity
frontal
In calcaneovalgus for the rearfoot, the calcaneus is an (inverted/everted) position relative to the distal 1/3 of the leg.
everted
In calcaneovalgus for the forefoot, the forefoot is in an (inverted/everted) position relative to the rearfoot
everted
In calcaneovalgus since the calcaneus is everted that means the talus is going to be (adducted/abducted) and (dorsi/plantar) flexing, moving into (pronation/supination). That also means at the midtarsal joint the forefoot is now (dorsiflexing/plantarflexing) and (adducting/abducting) around the oblique axis. Around the longitudinal axis the forefoot will be (inverting/everting).
adducted; plantar; pronation; dorsiflexing; abducting; everting
Calcaneovarus is a (sagittal/frontal) plane deformity
frontal
In calcaneovarus, the calcaneus is in an (inverted/everted) position relative to the distal third of the leg
inverted
In calcaneovarus, the forefoot is in an (inverted/everted) position relative to the rearfoot
inverted
When the distal segment (feet and the toes) are moving towards the midline that is termed forefoot (varus/valgus). The forefoot would be in an (inverted/everted) position relative to the rearfoot.
varus; inverted
When the distal segment (feet and the toes) are moving away from the midline that is termed forefoot (varus/valgus). The forefoot would be in an (inverted/everted) position relative to the rearfoot.
valgus; everted
Forefoot valgus and varus are (sagittal/frontal) plane deformities.
frontal
You measure forefoot valgus and varus with the rearfoot in (varus/neutral).
neutral
Open kinetic chain pronation and supination around the oblique axis of the midtarsal joint have (the same/different) movements as closed chain pronation and supination.
the same
Open kinetic chain pronation and supination around the longitudinal axis of the midtarsal joint have (the same/different) movements as closed chain pronation and supination.
the same
In open/closed kinetic chain pronation and supination at the midtarsal joint the talus and calcaneus are (mobile/fixed). There (is/is no) motion at the subtalar joint or the talocrual joint.
fixed; is no
