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ARRT Kettering > Safety Kettering Audio > Flashcards

Safety Kettering Audio Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Thermionic Emission:

A

Boiling off of electrons, liberation of electrons

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2
Q

Responsible for sending the current for thermionic emission to take place:

A

Filament Transformer or Step down transformer

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3
Q

Electric potential/potential difference/source of EMF represents the unit of the:

A

Volt

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4
Q

The unit of electric potential:

A

Volt

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5
Q

What charge does the anode carry? positive or negative?

A

positive electrode

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6
Q

What material makes up target surface?

A

Tungsten Target with Rhenium
Or
Tungsten

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7
Q

The two components that make up the cathode:

A

filament wires and focusing cup

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8
Q

What charge does the cathode carry? positive or negative?

A

negatively charged

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9
Q

What material makes up the filament wires?

A

Thoriated Tungsten

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10
Q

What material makes up the focusing cup?

A

molybdenum or nickle

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11
Q

99% of the interaction process gets converted to:

A

Heat (Thermal Energy)

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12
Q

Up to 1% gets converted to:

A

electromagnetic energy (x-ray photons)

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13
Q

Electrons get converted to: (when they interact with the target surface):

A

x-ray photons

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14
Q

When electrons interact with the target surface it is called the:

A

side of conversion

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15
Q

Where do electrons get converted to x-ray photons?

A

the target surface

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16
Q

Smallest subdivision of an element that maintains all the physical and chemical properties of the element:

A

Atom

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17
Q

We know that protons are (+) positively charged, nuetrons are no charge or neutral and electrons are negatively charged within the nucleus we call them:

A

nucleons (properties of the nucleus)

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18
Q

Upside down T is a symbol for:

A

Perpendicular Central Ray

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19
Q

CR:

A

Central Ray

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20
Q

IR:

A

Image Receptor

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21
Q

z

A

Atomic number

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22
Q

Atomic mass number (A) definition:

A

number of nucleons or number of protons + neutrons

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23
Q

Atomic number (z) definition:

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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24
Q

the electrons and the protons are highley attracted to each other, how come the protons don’t fly out to see the electrons, how come the electrons do not fly inward:

A

Because you have two counteractive forces competing with each other, syntripical vs syntripical force.

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25
Q

The binding energy of the K-shell of Tungsten?

A

69.53 kEV or 70 kEV

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26
Q

What is the atomic number of Tungsten?

A

z=74 (74 protons 74 electrons)

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27
Q

The number of electrons in the last or outermost shell:

A

valence number

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28
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons you can have in the 3rd shell (M)?

A

2 (3)^2 2x9= 18 electrons

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29
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in any one shell?

A

2n^2

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30
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the valance shell?

A

maximum of 8

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31
Q

The definition of Isotropic Emission:

A

X-rays are emitted by the focal spot in all directions

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32
Q

The definition of Attenuation:

A

The reduction of the intensity of the beam as it passes through matter

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33
Q

The definition of Ionization:

A

The removal of an orbital shell electron

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34
Q

An atom of tungsten, if ionization takes place and drop the electron. The previously uncharged atom will have an electrical charge. After ionization takes place what charge will the atom carry?

A

positively charged (74 protons 73 electrons)

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35
Q

In x-ray production when x-rays get produced/when x-rays get produced in the tube:

A

Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic

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36
Q

When x-rays interact with matter:

A

Compton
Coherent
Photoelectric

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37
Q

Projectile (high speed) electron interacts with the electrostatic field of the (tungsten) nucleus:

A

Bremsstrahlung

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38
Q

The projectile electron undergoes three processes:

A

Slows Down
Changes Direction
Loses some of its energy

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39
Q

When the electron becomes under the influence of the nucleus, what continues on:

A

the momentum effect of the production of an unknown ray (x-ray)
Bremsstrahlung x-ray emission*

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40
Q

Average x-ray energy beam about:

A

30% of peak

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41
Q

In order to produce characteristic radiation:

A

70 kV and above

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42
Q

If the technologist does a hand x-ray at 60 kVp:

A

the electron can not ionize an remove it

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43
Q
A
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44
Q

4 requirements of production x-rays:

A

Source of free electrons
Accelerate electrons across the tube
Focus the electrons
Deceleration

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45
Q

Send a current to the wire, the wire gets hot and electrons get boiled off through in the process of:

A

Thermionic Emission

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46
Q

The _____ determines the amount of current that will be sent to the filament (step down transformer)

A

MA

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47
Q

As the number of secondary turns decreases voltage:

A

Decreases
Current increases proportionally

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48
Q

Rhenium:

A

Bigger stronger faster to stand up to the high speed electrons bombarding it constantly

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49
Q

Atoms exist with a net nuetrality of:

A

0

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50
Q

We produce two types of radiation in the diagnostic imaging world;

A

Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic

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51
Q

When there is an interaction with the k-she’ll, ionization takes place and the L shell fills the void:

A

Characteristic Interaction

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52
Q

All photons always maintain four properties:

A

Frequency
Wavelength
Velocity
Amplitude

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53
Q

An x-ray is considered to be:

A

Photon

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54
Q

A light photon is considered an

A

X-ray

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55
Q

X-radiation is:

A

Electromagnetic Energy

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56
Q

Which of the following are examples of particulate radiation?

A

Alpha
Beta

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57
Q

The rate of the rise and fall or how often:

A

Frequency

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58
Q

The distance between two coressponding points:

A

Wavelength

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59
Q

At 60 kv; ______ wavelength, _____ frequency

A

Longer, lower

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60
Q

At 90 kV, ______ wavelength; ______ frequency

A

Shorter, higher

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61
Q

Is there a difference in velocity in a 60 kEV photon and a 90 kEV photon?

A

No difference
Velocity is a constant factor

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62
Q

X-ray photons move:

A

At the speed of light or not at all

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63
Q

What is the speed of light?

A

186,000 miles/second
3 x 10^8 meters per second

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64
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

A

Inversely proportional
As wavelength increases frequency decreases

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65
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?

A

Inversely proportional
As wavelength increase energy decrease

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66
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and energy?

A

Directly proportional
Increase frequency increase energy

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67
Q

Which controls the quality kvp or mAs?

A

kVp

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68
Q

Which controls the energy? kVp or mAs

A

kVp

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69
Q

Which controls the penetrability?
kVp
mAs

A

kVp

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70
Q

Which controls the quantity?

A

mAs

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71
Q

The rate of exposure:

72
Q

The intensity of exposure?

73
Q

Patient dose is: mAs or kVp

74
Q

What controls the wavelength?

75
Q

A Radiographic examination is performed with 70 kV, 10 mAs and a patient receives a dose of 18 C/kG (mR) a new exposure is made with 25 mAs to increase receptor exposure. What new intensity is to be delivered?

A

I1= 18 C/kg
I2= x
mAs1= 10 mAs
mAs2= 25 mAs

I1/I2= mAs1/mAs2

76
Q

With the use of filters:

A

Increase quality and decrease quantity

77
Q

Half-Value Layer definition:

A

Thickness of an absorbing material required to reduce x-ray intensity by one-half its original value

78
Q

The amount of material necessary to reduce the intensity by 1/2 of its original value:

A

HVL
Half Value Layer

79
Q

List the technical factors that affect HVL:

A

kVp
Filtration

80
Q

The intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

A

Inverse Square Law

81
Q

If distance ever gets doubled or cut in half the intensity always gets changed:

A

By a factor of 4
4xs more
4xs less

82
Q

If the patient is lying down on the table and they are your source of scatter if you are standing 40 inches away from the patient (100cm) your dose is 20 C/kg. 100 cm to 200 cm?

83
Q

A Radiographic examination is performed 80 kV, 20 mAs, 100 cm SID and the patient receives a dose of 15 C/kg. A new exposure is made with a 200 cm SID to reduce magnification. What is my new exposure/intensity/dose?

A

I1/I2 (D2/D1)^2

84
Q

A Radiographic examination is performed with 80 kV 20 mAs with 100 cm SID. A new exposure is made with a 200 cm SID. What new technique can be used to maintain receptor exposure?

A

mAs1/mAs2 = (SID1/SID2)^2
Exposure Maintenance Formula
Direct Square Law

85
Q

As useful radiation and consists of the x-ray photons directed through the x-ray tube’s window port in a direction toward the patient.

A

Pre-interaction (Primary Radiation)

86
Q

The x-ray beam prior to the interaction with the patient:

A

Primary Radiation

87
Q

Radiation that is emitted from atoms of matter after an x-ray photon from the primary beam interacts with matter (characteristic radiation)

A

Secondary Radiation

88
Q

Also known as exit radiation

A

Remnant radiation

89
Q

Image forming radiation

A

Remnant Radiation

90
Q

Remnant radiation is also known as:

A

Exit radiation

91
Q

A reduction in x-ray intensity as it passes through matter:

A

Attenuation

92
Q

Fundamental properties of x-ray:

A

Power packed bundles of energy
Highly penetrating invisible rays that are a form of electromagnetic radiation
Herterogenous or polyenergetic (0 to peak 60)
X-rays travel in straight lines
Can ionize matter and release small amounts of energy upon passing through matter
Can produce chemical and biological changes
Produce secondary and scattered radiation
Travel at the speed of light 3 x 10^8 meters/second
No mass or electrical charge-not affected by electric or magnetic fields

93
Q

A tech is exposed to 15 mGy/min for 7 minute flouro exam at 3 feet from the patient. What would the techs exposure be if he/she was 5 feet from the patient?

A

15 x 7 = 105 total exposure

105/x = 5^2/3^2

X= 37.8 Mgy

What would the exposure rate be at 5 feet?

15/x = 5^2/3^2

5.4 mGy/min

94
Q

Where does the Compton interaction take place?

A

Outer shell electron

95
Q

Partial absorption of the incident x-ray photon?

96
Q

Who or what is your biggest source of scatter?

A

The patient

97
Q

At what angle as your standing in the room at a flouroscopic situation, what angle would you receive the least amount of radiation as a technologist?

A

90 degree angle
Right angle
Perpendicular to the source

98
Q

What is the maximum number of times an x-ray photon can be scattered before it loses all of its energy?

A

Twice (tube ounce theory)

99
Q

Everytime an x-ray photon gets scattered it will leave with how much of its original intensity?

A

1/1000
.001
.1 %

100
Q

One incoming, two leaving:

101
Q

What photon will always have a longer wavelength in the Compton interaction?

A

Scattered photon because it is leaving with less energy that’s why it got deflected laterally

102
Q

Which interaction is more prevelant? Compton or photoelectric?

103
Q

The electron that you knock out on the edge of the Compton interaction is called:

A

Recoil or secondary electron

104
Q

Incident photon interacts with an innermost shell electron of a target atom and removes an electron

A

Photoelectric

105
Q

All of the remaining energy of an incident photon is transferred to the the ejected electron this is called:

A

Photoelectron

106
Q

Which of the following is responsible of the patient dose effect?

A

Photoelectric effect

107
Q

An incident photon interacts with an orbital shell electron, no ionization take place and no energy has been given up:

A

Coherent effect (classical)

108
Q

An incident photon interacts with an orbital shell electron, no ionization take place and no energy has been given up:

A

Coherent effect (classical)

109
Q

An incident photon interacts with an orbital shell electron, no ionization take place and no energy has been given up:

A

Coherent effect (classical)

110
Q

Happens at very low x-rays less than 10 kEV:

A

Coherent (classical)

111
Q

1% of x-rats incident on the patient reach the IR:

A

Differential Absorption

112
Q

Difference is x-ray interaction by various body tissue:

A

Differential Absorption

113
Q

X-ray image is formed by those x-rays that undergo photoelectric absorption and those that are transmitted to the image receptor:

A

Differential Absorption

114
Q

As thickness increases (mass density):

A

Attenuation increases
The probability of photoelectric and Compton interactions increases, decreased x-ray transmission

115
Q

How tightly compacted at the atomic level

A

Atomic number

116
Q

Do you have different amounts of scatter with 10 cm of air vs 10 cm of bone?

A

No effect
Same amount of scatter

117
Q

An atomical part that measured 10 cm and 20 cm which one has more scatter?

118
Q

100 Rads = _____ Gy

A

1 Gy

100/100= 1 Gy
Traditional number and multiply by .01

119
Q

The unit of absorbed dose?

120
Q

The unit of absorbed dose equivalent?

A

Sievert
Sv

121
Q

Measurement of the biological effectiveness of radiation?

A

SV
Dose equivalent

122
Q

Used in radiation protection only- measurement of occupational exposure

123
Q

If the radiation monitor of a radiation worker records that the worker received 2 mGy of x-rays, 1 mGy of fast neutrons, and 1 mGy of alpha particles, what is the absorbed dose equivalent for this worker?

A

2(1) + 1 (10) + 1 (20) = 32 mSv*

124
Q

The unit of exposure in air:

A

C/kg (mc/kg) (uc/kg) or AIR KERMA

125
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester, what is the most sensitive?

126
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester, what is the least resistant?

127
Q

X-ray QF:

128
Q

Gamma ray QF:

129
Q

Beta Particles QF

130
Q

Protons QF:

131
Q

Fast neutrons QF:

132
Q

Alpha particle QF:

133
Q

There is no safe dose:

A

Non-threshold

134
Q

Used to compare the risk of cancer based on different types of radiation and different types of tissues:

A

Effective dose (SV)

135
Q

KERMA stands for:

A

Kinetic energy released per unit mass

136
Q

1 gy=

137
Q

Measures the ENERGY of ionizations in air:

138
Q

Is the study of methods of interaction and the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems

A

Radiobiology

139
Q

Some amount of radiaiton is required before a measurable effect can be detected

140
Q

Any given dose of radiation will yield some measurable effect

A

Non-threshold

141
Q

Which number defines itself to be non-linear threshold? On the graph

142
Q

Which number on the graph defines x-ray?

A

1 linear non-threshold

143
Q

Cell division

A

Mitotic Activity

144
Q

The more immature cell=

A

The more sensitive

145
Q

Nerve and muscle cells:

A

Less sensitive
More radio resistant

146
Q

What is the single most radio sensitive cell of the body?

A

Lymphocyte

147
Q

Stem
Cell
Lymphocyte
Muscle
Nerve

List in order from least sensitive to greatest

A

Nerve
Muscle
Stem cells (intestinal crypt)
Lymphocyte

148
Q

Stem
Cell
Lymphocyte
Muscle
Nerve

List in order from most sensitive to least sensitive

A

Lympcyte
Stem Cell (intestinal crypt)
Muscle
Nerve

149
Q

Rate of energy deposited per unit track length through an absorber:

A

Linear energy transfer

150
Q

Amount of radiation that is transferred to the body as the X-ray beam travels through the body

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

151
Q

What is the relationship between LET and RBE?

A

Directly proportional

152
Q

Ability to produce biological damage

153
Q

Diagnostic x-rays are considered: _____ LET radiaiton and _____ RBE

154
Q

Defines the ability of aerobic conditions to enhance the effectiveness of radiation

A

Oxygen Effect

155
Q

Which is more lethal
LD 50/30
LD 50/60

156
Q

LD50/

A

Lethal dose of 50% of the population over a ____ number of days.

157
Q

Equal doses of radiation that are delivered with time interval separations (time between exposures)

A

Fractionation

158
Q

Radiation dose that is delivered continuously but at a loaner dose rate:

A

Protraction

159
Q

Offers a cell the greatest ability to survive and recover from radiation exposure

A

Fractionation

160
Q

Radiation interaction with water

A

Radiolysis

161
Q

Radiation is:

A

Indirect interaction of biological damage

162
Q

Free radicals can combine to form toxic substances such as:

A

Hydrogen peroxide
-OH* + OH = H2O2

163
Q

Positive water molecule can split into a:

A

Free radical highly reactive and unstable substance

164
Q

If what phases is the cell considered to be the most radiosensitive?

A

Metaphase
M-phase
During the cell division process

165
Q

Cell division

166
Q

Germ cell division

A

Miosis or meosis

167
Q

What is a germ cell?

A

Sex cell
Reproductive cell

168
Q

Mitotic activity resumes after a

A

Short delay

169
Q

1 rad

A

1 Gy
.01 mGy

170
Q

Is Mitotic delay considered to be a threshold or non threshold dose response?

A

Can occur at :01 gy or 10 mGy
Threshold!

171
Q

Mitotic delay can occur at:

A

.01 Gy or 10 mGy

172
Q

Reproductive failure can occur as little as:

173
Q

Cell goes through one or more Mitotic phases and then dies

A

Mitotic (genetic) death

174
Q

Phases of cell division in order

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

175
Q

Master molecule or target molecule

176
Q

Somatic effect (changes)

A

Effect individual cell of the body
Cancer

177
Q

A high radiation dose delivered to the long bones of the lower extremities that results in a suppression of the of the hemopoietic system and causes loss in the volume of circulating red blood cells in the body

A

General somatic effects

ARRT Kettering (15 decks)

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