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ARRT > Safety 2 > Flashcards

Safety 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Filtration effect on skin and organ exposure

A

-reduces entrance skin exposure to pt

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2
Q

Filtration effect on average beam energy

A
  • removes low energy, non diagnostic xray photons from beam

- increases the effective energy and quality of xray beam (hardening)

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3
Q

Operating kVp below 50

A 
Total filtration (inherent + added)= 
0.5 mm aluminum
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4
Q

Operating kVp 50-70

A

Total filtration = 1.5 mm aluminum

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5
Q

Operating kVp above 70

A

Total filtration = 2.5 mm aluminum

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6
Q

Voluntary motion controlled by

A

Patient communication

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7
Q

Involuntary motion uses what?

A

Shortest possible exposure time

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8
Q

Air gap technique

A
  • alternative to grid use
  • long SID and increased OID
  • does NOT result in decrease in production of secondary or scattered radiation
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9
Q

Pt dose reduced by what exposure factors

A

Increased kVp decreased mAs

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10
Q

Fluoro time max

A

5 min or 300 seconds

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11
Q

Magnification factor

A

SID/SOD

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12
Q

Minimum source to skin distance fixed fluoro unit

A

15 inches (38 cm)

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13
Q

Minimum source to skin distance mobile fluoro unit

A

12 inches (30 cm)

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14
Q

Dose Area Product

A

To measure total dose to a pt site in order to reduce pt rad dose

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15
Q

Mobile radiographic unit

A

Minimum 6 ft/ 72 inches/ 180 cm/ 2 meters

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16
Q

Medical imaging’s principle of radiation protection is based on what

A

The non threshold, linear dose response relationship

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17
Q

Leakage radiation

A
  • emitted from xray tube

- limited to 100 mR/hr at 1 meter (1 mGy/hr at 1 meter)

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18
Q

Natural sources of rad

A

Radon, cosmic, terrestrial

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19
Q

Greatest source of artificial radiation

A
  • Medical imaging

- other sources can be nuclear fallout, consumer products

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20
Q

What is the most effective method of personnel protection

A

Distance

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21
Q

Inverse square law example

A

By increasing distance from rad source from 4 ft to 8 ft, rad exposure will decrease by factor of 22, or 4 times

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22
Q

Half value layer

A

Thickness of an absorbing material required to reduce the intensity of rad to one half of its original value

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23
Q

Lead apron lead equivalent

A

0.5 mm Pb

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24
Q

Lead apron lead equivalent on port

A

0.25 mm Pb

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25
Q

Gloves lead equivalent

A

0.25 mm Pb

26
Q

Thyroid shield lead equivalent

A

0.5 mm Pb

27
Q

Glasses lead equivalent

A

0.35 mm Pb

28
Q

Bucky slot cover lead equivalent

A

0.25 mm Pb

29
Q

Spot film device protective curtain lead equivalent

A

0.25 mm Pb

30
Q

Clear lead-plastic overhead protective barrier

A

0.5 mm Pb

31
Q

Primary protective barrier

A
  • the surfaces that can be struck by primary beam

- located perpendicular to primary beam

32
Q

Primary protective barrier Pb equivalent

A
  • 1/16 inch (0.16 cm or 1.6 mm)

- if primary barrier is a wall, lead must extend 7 ft (210 cm or 2.3 meters) from floor

33
Q

Secondary protective barrier

A

Surfaces struck with leakage and scatter radiation, located parallel to primary beam

34
Q

Secondary protective barrier Pb equivalent

A
  • 1/32 inch (0.08 cm or 0.8 mm)

- 1/2 inch (1.25 cm) of secondary barrier must overlap primary barrier where they meet

35
Q

6 ft to meters

A

1.8 or 2 meters

36
Q

Typical conventional (non digital) fluoroscopy units operate within what range

A

2 to 5 mA

37
Q

Automatic brightness control

A

Designed to maintain a predetermined level of light intensity exiting the image intensification tube

38
Q

Fluoroscopic exposure switch should be what type

A

Dead man

39
Q

Film badge

A
  • relies on ability of ionizing radiation to effect a density change on the film emulsion
  • amount of dose received by badge is a function of the degree of film blackening that happens on the surface of the film emulsion that lie under various forms of attenuating filters like tin or copper
40
Q

Film badge benefits

A
  • good for monitoring over long period of time
  • inexpensive and reliable
  • provides permanent or archival record
41
Q

functional component Of Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)

A

lithium fluoride

42
Q

How are reading from TLD made

A

By heating lithium fluoride chip to a point of combustion

43
Q

Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)

A
  • the light spectrum the chip yield will change with changing levels of energy absorbed by the chip
  • once chip is heated it is destroyed
  • no archival record other than a written record of findings
44
Q

Pocket dosimeter

A

-relies on ability of ionizing radiation to ionize a gas within a sealed chamber resulting in a change of charged electrode, discharging the electron

45
Q

Pros of Pocket dosimeter

A
  • good for short term monitoring or testing (immediate readout)
  • may be recharged and reused
46
Q

Cons of Pocket dosimeter

A
  • prone to inaccurate readings with rough handling

- does not offer permanent record of dosage

47
Q

Detector for Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSLD)

A

Aluminum oxide

48
Q

Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSLD)

A
  • laser light reads the sensing material which causes the material to become luminescent in proportion to the exposure that the sensing material received
  • filters made of aluminum, tin, and copper allow for determination of the energy levels striking the badge
49
Q

Greatest to least sensitive dosimeters

A

1) greatest sensitivity: pocket dosimeter
2) OSLD
3) TLD
4) least sensitivity: film badge

50
Q

Annual whole body exposure (occupational)

A

5 rem (50 mSv)

51
Q

Lens of the eye (occupational)

A

15 rem (150 mSv)

52
Q

Red bone marrow, breast, lung, gonads, skin, and extremities (occupational dose)

A

50 rem (500 mSv)

53
Q

Cumulative effective limit (occupational)

A

1 rem x age in years

10 mSv x age in years

54
Q

Annual effective dose equivalent limit (public)

A

0.5 rem (5 mSv)

55
Q

Dose equivalent limits for the lens of the eye, skin, and extremities (public)

A

5 rem (50 mSv)

56
Q

Embryo/fetus exposure

A

0.5 rem (5 mSv) for the entire gestational period and max 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) per month during gestational period

57
Q

Dose equivalent limits (DEL)

A

The max dose of radiation that in light of present knowledge would not be expected to yield any significant radiation effects

58
Q

Inherent filtration includes what

A

Xray tube window, oil in the xray tube housing, and housing port

59
Q

Added filtration includes

A

Aluminum plate and the collimator mirror

60
Q

Order in which primary xray beam passes through filters in their path

A

1) xray tube window
2) oil surrounding xray tube
3) xray tube housing port
4) aluminum plate
5) collimator mirror

61
Q

DAP (dose area product)

A

Xray exposure in air based on a specific area

ARRT (9 decks)

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