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ARRT > Image Production 1 > Flashcards

Image Production 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In DR, what is the main controlling factor of spatial resolution?

A

Pixel size and pixel pitch

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2
Q

Spatial resolution

A
  • Recorded detain

- measured in line pairs per mm

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3
Q

Receptor exposure

A

Overall amount of radiation to reach IR

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4
Q

Contrast resolution

A

Visual detail

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5
Q

Size distortion

A

Distance creates magnification

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6
Q

Shape distortion

A

Foreshortening or elongation

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7
Q

Main controlling factor of receptor exposure

A

mAs

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8
Q

5:1

A

2

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9
Q

6:1

A

3

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10
Q

8:1

A

4

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11
Q

10:1/12:1

A

5

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12
Q

16:1

A

6

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13
Q

FAT CAT

A

Proximal joint will always be thicker

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14
Q

What is the primary controlling factor of subject contrast

A

kVp

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15
Q

Umbra

A

Area of image sharpness

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16
Q

Penumbra

A

Geometric unsharpness surrounding image

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17
Q

Magnification

A

Image size/object size= SID/SOD

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18
Q

What causes shape distortion

A

Angulation of tube, angulation of part, angulation of IR, and motion

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19
Q

What causes size distortion

A

Changes in object to image receiver and source to image receiver distances

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20
Q

2 kV change is made for each centimeter in part thickness when operating at what kVp

A

80

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21
Q

Wet plaster casts require what

A
  • doubling of exposure
  • 100% increase in mAs
  • 8-10 increase in kVp
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22
Q

Dry plaster casts require what

A
  • 50-60% increase in mAs

- 5-7 increase in kVp

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23
Q

Fiberglass casts require what

A
  • 25-30% increase in mAs

- 3-4 inches in kVp

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24
Q

Parts measuring how much require a grid

A

10-13 cma

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25
Q

How does tech adjust the rate of the exposure when using an AEC device

A

Adjust density control

26
Q

How does higher kVp technique influence contrast

A

Results in Reduction of contrast

27
Q

Higher mAs will result in what

A

Longer exposure time and possibly motion

28
Q

When can quantum mottle occur with AEC techniques

A

If mAs is too low

29
Q

For thin or pediatric patients what kind of receptor exposure control may be selected to prevent overexposure

A

Negative

30
Q

For large patients what kind of receptor exposure control may be selected to prevent underexposure

A

Positive

31
Q

DEL (detector element size)

A
  • used with direct capture radiography (cassette less)

- uses flat panel detector

32
Q

Spatial resolution is determined by what

A
  • DEL size

- as DEL increases SR decreases

33
Q

Fill factor is a ratio of what

A

Of pixels light sensitive area vs a pixels total area

34
Q

Matrix size

A
  • is the total number of pixels

- dependent on the FOV and pixel density

35
Q

Increase in IR size results in what for matrix size

A

Increase in matrix size

36
Q

Decreasing pixel size results in what

A
  • increased matrix size
  • increased SR
  • increased visibility of small structures
37
Q

Is SR related to exposure amount

A

No

38
Q

What is the main controlling factor of SR for CR

A

Sampling frequency

39
Q

Sampling frequency

A

Number of pixels sampled per millimeter as the laser scans each line of the imaging plate

40
Q

The more pixels sampled per millimeter, the greater the

A

Sampling frequency

41
Q

Increasing the sampling frequency results in the laser moving a smaller distance and there is a what in special resolution

A

Increase

42
Q

What is the minimum rate at which a signal can be sampled without introducing errors?

A

Nyquist frequency

43
Q

Nyquist frequency

A

Relationship between the sampling frequency (# of pixels/mm scanned by the laser, at a rate that is 2x the highest frequency present) and the spatial resolution (image detail)

44
Q

Contrast resolution (equipment related)

A

Ability to detect subtle changes in the grayscale

45
Q

Image signal (exposure related)

A

Results from x-ray deposition of energy in a detector

46
Q

Dynamic range

A

Series of exposure values used to produce an acceptable image

47
Q

Greater dynamic range will yield what kind of contrast resolution

A

Greater contrast resolution

48
Q

Quantum noise/quantum mottle

A

Insufficient quantity

49
Q

Exposure latitude

A

Ability of a system to over and underexpose, yet still produce an acceptable image

50
Q

Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

A

Desirable to have high SNR

51
Q

What minimum info must be present on radiograph

A
  • patient data (name and id #)
  • examination data (markers)
  • examination date
  • institution data
52
Q

What is the minimum kVp change necessary to see a noticeable receptor exposure change within the radiographic image

A

10%

53
Q

What is the minimum mAs change necessary to see a noticeable receptor exposure change within the radiographic image

A

30%

54
Q

Conscious decreases proportionally as kVp

A

Increases

55
Q

Image contrast will decrease as filtration

A

Increases

56
Q

Increasing kVp=

A

Decreasing contrast, increased noise and increased scatter

57
Q

The unintended absorption of primary beam

A

Grid cut off

58
Q

Moire pattern

A

-wave like or watery appearance of an image, when two linear grids are placed on top of one another but the lead lines are not aligned at right angles to one another

59
Q

Moire pattern may also occur with what

A

Digital subtraction images if there is a misalignment of the pixels

60
Q

Static (type of image artifact)

A

Black spider like artifact on the image

61
Q

Grid lines (type of image artifact)

A

Appears as parallel opaque lines on the radiograph

62
Q

Ghost image

A

When there is insufficient erasure of an image and a ghost image is seen on the new image

ARRT (9 decks)

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