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ARRT Review > Safety > Flashcards

Safety Flashcards

1
Q

ALARA is an acronym for:

A

As Low as Reasonable Achievable

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2
Q

Cells that are oxygenated are more susceptible to radiation damage. This describes:

A

Oxygen enhancement ratio

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3
Q

When we increase the number of photons in the x-ray beam (mAs increase) we:

A

Increase intensity, quantity of beam and increase potential biological damage

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4
Q

Radiation that is contained in the environment is called:

A

Natural background

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5
Q

Cataractogenesis, life span shortening, embryologic effects, and carcinogenesis are examples of…

A

Long-term somatic effects

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6
Q

Radiation with a high LET:

A

Is highly ionizing

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7
Q

The effective dose limit for radiographers is:

A

50 mSv per year

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8
Q

The radiation dose that would bring genetic injury to the total population is called:

A

Genetically significant dose

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9
Q

Use of a thyroid shield of at least what thickness should be used for fluoroscopy?

A

0.5 mm Pb equivalent

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10
Q

How thick are primary protective barriers?

A

7 ft high, 1.5 mm (1/16 in) Pb equivalent

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11
Q

The Bucky slot cover must be at least:

A

0.25 mm Pb equivalent

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12
Q

Thermoluminescent dosimeters use what type of crystals to record dose?

A

Lithium fluoride

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13
Q

What is the embryo-fetus equivalent dose limit per month?

A

0.5 mSv

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14
Q

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters are sensitive to exposure as low as:

A

0.01 mSv

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15
Q

The energy stored in an OSL dosimeter is released when the dosimeter is exposed to:

A

Laser

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16
Q

The personal dosimeter report reads in what unit of measurement?

A

Rem or mrem

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17
Q

The SI unit of absorbed dose is the:

A

Gray

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18
Q

Use of a thyroid shield of at least what thickness should be used in fluoroscopy?

A

0.50 mm

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19
Q

for purposes of radiation protection the xray beam is filtered, xray tubes operating above 70 kvp must have a total filtration of:

A

At least 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent

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20
Q

Leakage radiation from a diagnostic x-ray tube may not exceed:

A

1 mGy per hour, measured at 1 meter from the housing

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21
Q

Which of the following functions to protect the x-ray tube and patient from overexposure in event of AEC malfunction?

A

Backup timer

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22
Q

The Roentgen, as a unit of measurement, expresses:

A

Exposure in air

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23
Q

The control dosimeter that comes from the monitoring company should be:

A

Stored in a radiation free area

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24
Q

The annual occupational dose limit is?

A

50 mSv

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25
Q

The collimator light and actual irradiated area must be accurate to within what percentage of the SID?

A

2%

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26
Q

Biological effects resulting from diagnostic exposures to radiation appears to follow a _________ relationship.

A

Linear, nonthreshold

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27
Q

The majority of damage to body cells from radiation exposure results from the:

A

Indirect effect

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28
Q

Skin response to radiation, resulting in hair loss is termed:

A

Epilation

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29
Q

Radiographers use monitoring devices to record their monthly exposure to radiation. The devices suited for this purpose include the:
1) pocket dosimeter
2) TLD
3) OSL

A

2,3

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30
Q

The number of repeated images can be reduced by employing:

A

effective communication skills, proper immobilization, and proper exposure factors

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31
Q

A dose of radiation exists below which the response will not occur but when a certain dose is achieved the response will be proportional to the dose. This is an example of:

A

Linear, Threshold

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32
Q

The most sensitive macromolecule found in human cells is;

A

DNA

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33
Q

One of the components of the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states:

A

radiosensitivity is inversely proportional to the degree of differentiation

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34
Q

Which of the following units is used for personnel exposure:

A

Sievert

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35
Q

What is the minimum required amount of lead equivalent that a lead apron must have?

A

0.25 mm

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36
Q

Which of the following units describes patient exposure?

A

Rad

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37
Q

Luxel Dosimeter (OSL) are sensitive enough to read exposures as low as:

A

0.01 mSv

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38
Q

Secondary barriers are constructed to protect people from:

A

scatter radiation

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39
Q

The mA used in fluoroscopy must not exceed

A

5 mA

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40
Q

Which of the following defines the gonadal dose that, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic effects on that population as the actual dose received by each of the individuals?

A

genetically significant dose

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41
Q

Skin response to radiation, resulting in reddening, known as:

A

Erythema

42
Q

What is the material used to express shielding equivalents?

A

Lead

43
Q

LET and biological damage are:

A

Directly proportional

44
Q

The effective dose equivalent limit for a wait room requires that family members (infrequent exposures) receive no more than ________ per year

A

5 mSv

45
Q

When it does not interfere with obtaining diagnostic information, gonadal shielding should be considered for which type of patients?

A

all patients, especially children and adults of reproductive age

46
Q

The lead window by the control booth must have what lead equivalent?

A

1.5 mm

47
Q

The number of repeat radiographs can be reduced by employing all of the following except;
High ratio grids
Proper immobilization
Careful selection of exposure factors
Effective communication skill

A

High ratio grids

48
Q

Fetal dose limit during gestation is equal to:

A

5 mSv

49
Q

Which of the following units describes exposure in air of x or gamma rays?

A

Coulombs per kilogram

50
Q

The exposure at table top used in routine fluoroscopy must not exceed:

A

100 mGy per minute

51
Q

Which of the following personnel monitoring devices cannot detect radiation levels below 10 mrem?

A

Film Badge

52
Q

Primary barriers are constructed to protect individuals from:

A

The useful beam

53
Q

Which of the following exposure factors will deliver the most amount of radiation exposure to the patient?
50 mAs, 90 kVp
25 mAs, 100 kVp
200 mAs, 70 kVp
100 mAs, 80 kVp

A

200 mAs, 70 Kvp

54
Q

The source to skin distance for mobile x ray units is:

A

30 cm

55
Q

An OSL dosimeter is made using:

A

Aluminum oxide

56
Q

___ is the unite that defines occupational exposure?

A

Sievert

57
Q

In mobile radiography, the exposure switch should be on a cord that is at least _______ ft long

A

6

58
Q

The required lead equivalent for lead gloves is:

A

0.25 mm

59
Q

The fluoroscopic timer is set to ________ increments before resetting.

A

5 min

60
Q

Following the irradiation of approximately 500 rad to the testes:

A

Permanent sterility occurs

61
Q

The period of time after an acute exposure to radiation in which the initial effects of the exposure are seen is called the:

A

Prodromal stage

62
Q

The use of which of the following devices helps to reduce patient dose?
1) gonadal shielding
2) Collimator
3) grids

A

1,2

63
Q

Lead aprons are worn during fluoroscopy to protect the radiographer from exposure to radiation from the patient which occurs due to:

A

Compton scatter

64
Q

What is the most effective type of shield for an anterior and lateral male gonadal protection during radiography procedures?

A

Shaped contact (contour)

65
Q

According to the NRCP guidelines, the annual occupational whole body dose equivalent limit is?

A

50 mSv

66
Q

The single most important scattering object in both fluoroscopy and radiography is?

A

Patient

67
Q

A student radiographer who is under the age of 18 must not receive an annual occupational dose greater than:

A

1 mSv

68
Q

Cataractogenesis does not occur at low levels of radiation exposure. Therefore it is best expressed by which of the following dose-response relationships terms?

A

Threshold

69
Q

Occupational radiation monitoring is required when it is possible that the individual might receive more than:

A

1/10th of the annual dose limit

70
Q

Which personnel monitoring device uses lithium fluoride to measure radiation?

A

TLD

71
Q

The dose-response curve that appears to be valid for genetic and some somatic effects is/are the:
1) Linear
2) nonlinear
3) nonthreshold

A

1,3

72
Q

How tall must the wall of the primary radiation barrier be at a minimum?

A

7 ft

73
Q

Which of the following personnel radiation monitors will provide an immediate reading?

A

Pocket dosimeter

74
Q

The target theory applies to

A

DNA molecules

75
Q

Which type of interaction is shown in the picture below?

A

Bremsstrahlung interaction

76
Q

Which of the following must happen for x-ray production to occur?

A

Acceleration, Focusing and Deceleration of electrons

77
Q

True or False: Under 70 kVp, 100% of the x-ray beam is formed by characteristic interactions.

A

False

78
Q

Wavelength and frequency are ___________.

A

Inversely proportional

79
Q

The cumulative occupational exposure for a 22-year-old is:

A

220 mSv

80
Q

Quality of the x-ray beam mainly deals with:

A

Penetration power of the beam

81
Q

Attenuation is the reduction of the primary x-ray beam that reaches the receptor through _______

A

Absorption and scatter

82
Q

X-rays travel at:

A

Speed of light

83
Q

X-rays have the characteristics of both:

A

waves and particles

84
Q

Which interaction with matter results in the most scatter radiation?

A

Compton interactions

85
Q

Which of the following has the highest frequency?

A

Shorter wave length

86
Q

Approximately ______% of interactions above 70 kVp are characteristic interactions.

A

15 %

87
Q

Electrons are formed on the cathode side of the x-ray tube by what process?

A

Thermonic emission

88
Q

The Cathode is the negatively charge part of the tube: (T/F)

A

True

89
Q

When electrons slam into the anode target, _______ is the majority of what is produced.

A

Heat

90
Q

The secondary protective barrier used in room shielding must be at least how thick?

A

1/32 inch Pb equivalent

91
Q

Which of the following are interactions that occur with patients?

A

Coherent and compton

92
Q

Which interaction with matter is shown below?

A

Coherent scatter (excites atom)

93
Q

Which interaction with matter causes the most biological damage to tissue?

A

Photoelectric absorption

94
Q

Increase of photoelectric absorption occurs when:

A

low kVp is used

94
Q

In regards to x-ray interaction, when the atomic number of a structure is higher:

A

more likelihood x-rays are absorbed

95
Q

The inverse square law states that “the intensity of radiation from a source varies ______ as the square of distance”

A

Inversely

96
Q

If you were to measure the intensity of radiation to be 20 R at 2 meters - what would the intensity be if you were to double the distance to 4 meters?

A

5 R
Inverse square law:
I(1) / I (2) = D(2) squared / D(1) squared

97
Q

The ______ beam is the beam that creates our images.

A

Remnant

98
Q

An increase in filtration will increase quality of the x-ray beam. (T/F)

A

True

99
Q

The x-ray beam is ______.

A

Heterogenous

ARRT Review (5 decks)

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