SAC 5

Question 1

Bilateral Aid:

Answer 1

Provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country. The donating country works with the government of the country receiving aid to ensure that the implemented programs meet the needs of the country and its people.

Question 2

Non-government organisation:

Answer 2

Examples include World Vision (poverty) Australia, Australian Red Cross (humanitarian), CARE Australia (women and children), Oxfam Australia (poverty) and Tabitha Australia (women and children).
Is the type of non-profit organisation that works to promote health status and human development while operating separately from the national government. Usually focused on meeting basic health needs, community development and participation and emergency or humanitarian assistance.

Question 3

Multilateral Aid:

Answer 3

Aid given by the governments of many countries that is collected and distributed by an international organisation such as the United Nations, World Bank, and WHO. Australia supports effective multilateral agencies engaged in poverty reduction and sustainable development to complement and reinforce its bilateral aid.

Question 4

The United Nations areas of action (priorities)

WORKING FOR PEACE AND SECURITY:

Answer 4

When there is a threat to international peace, the UN works to find ways the conflict can be resolved peacefully. They also work to prevent conflict from occurring by addressing the underlying causes of conflict.

Question 5

The United Nations areas of action:

HUMAN RIGHTS:

Answer 5

The UN developed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which sets out basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled. The UN work to ensure that all human beings are treated equally, fairly and without discrimination.

Question 6

The United Nations area of conflict (priorities):

PROVIDE HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE:

Answer 6

The UN plays a key role in providing emergency aid to developing countries in times of crisis such as natural disasters or conflict.

Question 7

The United Nations areas of action (priorities):

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:

Answer 7

The UN works to promote high standards of living, full employment and education which contribute to both social and economic development.

Question 8

Who priortity: Universal health coverage.

Answer 8

Universal health coverage relates to all people being able to obtain the health services they need regardless of the ability to pay.
WHO works to assist countries in providing universal health coverage by:
Increasing access to medical technology.
Increasing access to essential medicines (such as vaccinations) &
Providing funding to strengthen health systems.

Question 9

Who priority: International health regulations.

Answer 9

The IHR is a legal tool agreed to by many countries across the globe that require counties to report certain disease outbreaks and public health threats to WHO. WHO Aims/Does:
Prevent and responds to public health risks that have the potential to cross borders and threaten people worldwide.
Plays a leadership role in co ordinating a response to the issue including sending health workers.

Question 10

Who priority: Increasing access to medical products.

Answer 10

Essential medicines have the ability to make health care more effective and assist people in living long, healthy and productive lives.
WHO works to improve access to safe and affordable medicines by:
Providing grants for the development of techniques and products that may assist in controlling diseases.
By developing the ‘criteria for selection of essential medicines.’
By developing the ‘model list’, a guide for the development of a national essential medicine lists.

Question 11

Who priority: Social, economic and environmental determinants.

Answer 11

Action is required in relation to a range of social, economic and environmental determinants that contribute to ill-health as well as health inequality.
WHO works with other sectors to reduce the social, economic and environmental causes of disease.
They support countries to:
Improve governance for health and development.
Participation in policy-making and implemention.
Monitor progress and increasing accountability.

Question 12

Who priority: Non-communicable diseases.

Answer 12

Increasing rates of non-communicable diseases have devastating health consequences. Dealing with these conditions is vital to ensure sustainable health care.
WHO has:
Improving access to affordable pharmaceuticals.
Developing new products and technologies appropriate for use in the poorest counties and simplify the treatment of disease.
Developing the ‘Global action plan for the prevention and control’.

Question 13

Who priority: Health-related millennium development goals.

Answer 13

The world must sustain the gains that have been made towards the 2015 millennium development goals beyond 2015 to assist in addressing key contributors to poverty and social inequality globally.
The WHO has worked to address the health-related MDGS by:
Working to promote universal health care.
Providing access to essential medicines.
Developing strategies that target global health concerns such as HIV/AIDS and malaria such as the:
Global fund to fight aids.
Roll back malaria partnership.
Partnership for maternal, newborn and child health.

Question 14

Humanitarian Aid:

Answer 14

Is provided to meet the immediate needs of those affected by some sort of crisis, including natural disasters, or as a result of conflict. It is designed to be short term and is usually need to keep people alive.
May take form of the provision of food, medicines or shelter or it could involve personnel such as health workers or doctors.

Question 15

Sustainability:

Answer 15

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 16

Human development:

Answer 16

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creatives lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Question 17

Health:

Answer 17

Physical.
Social.
Mental.

Question 18

Affordability of a program:

Answer 18

Programs need to be financially sustainable. They need to:

• Be affordable to implement.
• Be affordable in the long term.
• Focus on education.

Question 19

Appropriateness of a program:

Answer 19

Programs need to meet the needs of the people they are being developed for. The programs need to:

• Empower people (with knowledge and skills).
• Respect cultural values.
• Be accessible.

Question 20

Equity of a program:

Answer 20

Address barriers that may prevent vulnerable groups accessing the required resources.

• Funding the most urgent needs of vulnerable groups.
• Creating policies that act to improve and protect the environment that most vulnerable groups live.
• Providing education for vulnerable groups.
• Developing programs in urban slums and rural and remote areas.
• Ensuring health care is provided based on clinical need.

Question 21

DFAT:

Answer 21

Department of foreign affairs and trade.

Question 22

DFAT priorities: Economic development, including encouraging trade and private sector investment.

Answer 22

Economic development relates to increasing opportunities for employment and increasing average incomes.
Australia has increased the ability of developing countries to trade include:
- Providing practical assistance and advice to developing countries in regard to trade.
- Working to promote trade agreements.
- Training local people in areas related to global trade.
- Providing Microfinance loans.
- Providing funding and education.

Question 23

Programs addressing key health issues: Literacy.

Answer 23

We bloom program.
Implemented by CARE Australia.
Non-government organisation aid is involved.
Care Australia has implemented the program by providing young women in South west Cambodia with literacy, numeracy and life skill classes. Also, teaches to set goals and overcome conflict to improve confidence. And enables them to be apart of community decision making.
The program was implemented because many illiterate people in the world are women as females are often denied access to education. Education can enhance knowledge about healthy behaviours to prevent diseases.
Girls are less likely to attend school than boys in developing countries as they may have caregiving responsibilities or are responsible for tasks such as carrying water.

Question 24

Programs addressing key health issues: Food security.

Answer 24

School feeding program. Implemented by world food program.
The type of aid involved is multilateral aid through United Nations, with donations from AusAID and world vision.
School feeding programs involve the world food programme setting up canteens which provide children with hot food and nutritious snacks, which also means the children will come to school (improved literacy) to get a free meal. Also, children who attend school regularly get an additional kilogram of rice and soybeans as well as cooking oil so that they can continue to reap the benefits of good nutrition at home. It was implemented because
-Not having sufficient food leads to plummeted energy levels in children and adults, which can stop them from going to work or school.
- Lack of food causes malnutrition and this leads to reduced immunity to disease which brings with it shorter life expectancy.

Question 25

Programs addressing key health issues in developing countries: HIV/AIDS.

Answer 25

World vision HIV/AIDS program in Zambia. Teachers are being trained to deliver HIV/AIDS education. Children teenagers and adults are all receiving accurate information regarding preventing the spread of the virus. The children are taught to sing and recite poems that have strong messages about HIV/AIDS. They are able to go to school and work which increases their income-earning potential.
It was implemented because HIV/AIDS is a major contributor to global burden of disease and continues to contribute to high mortality rates in developing countries.
Can be prevented through educating people about safe sex, contraceptives, and addressing hazardous needle use.
The type of aid involved is a non-government organisation.

Question 26

Programs addressing key health issues: Malaria.

Answer 26

Pacific Malaria initiative. They coordinate and distributed long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying of homes to kill and repel Mosquitos, in order to reduce the prevalence of malaria in the remote province of Isabel in the Solomon Islands.
It was implemented because malaria is fatal yet easily preventable.
Malaria contributes significantly to poverty in developing countries.
Achieve millennium development goal 6.

Question 27

Programs addressing key health issues: immunisations.

Answer 27

Immunisation program in East Timor. Working with international and local NGO’s to implement mobile clinics. These clinics provide immunisations to prevent diseases as well as treatment for common diseases. This ensures that people living in remote areas of the country are able to receive essential medical care.
Reasons for the program:
Tuberculosis is a communicable disease, which is spread through bacteria and affects a person’s lungs.
TB is also a major issue because people in developing countries may experience a collapse in their immune response if they also contract another communicable condition such as tuberculosis.

Question 28

Programs addressing key health issues: Water and sanitation.

Answer 28

Developing wells and pumps in Niger. The type of aid involved is the non government organisation. World vision has implemented a program where wells are fitted with pumps to make the collection of water easier. The wells are very deep so that more water is available and the pump reduces the amount of hard work required to draw the water to the surface. The wells reduce the risks of water-related diseases such as diarrhoea and promote opportunities for individuals to improve their standard of living. They implemented the program because access to unsafe water may cause exposure to bacteria which can increase risk of communicable diseases. Will help to achieve millennium development goal 7.

Question 29

DFAT priorities: Health, including supporting the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.

Answer 29

The Australian government has helped to save lives and promote health by:
Providing funds.
Contributing to the GAVI alliance.
Vaccinating many children in developing countries.
Reducing malaria.
Supporting maternal and child health.

Question 30

DFAT priorities: Education.

Answer 30

The Australian government has focused on providing education opportunities by:
Contributing along with other donors to help children in developing counties to attend school.
Providing short term and long term scholarships.
Training people from developing countries from public administration to medicine.
Providing expert advice.

Question 31

DFAT priorities: Empowering women and girls.

Answer 31

Australia is a strong supporter of UN women.
Australia helped many female survivors of violence to access critical services.
Australia helped addresses low levels of women’s representation in pacific politics.

Question 32

DFAT priorities: Effective governance.

Answer 32

The Australian government has:
Provided advice to governments of developing countries relating to financial management.
Helped countries to improve budget processes.
Provided support including policy advice and technical expertise.

Question 33

DFAT priorities: Humanitarian Aid.

Answer 33

• Sending staff to affected areas to provide immediate support.
• providing funds to non government organisations.
• providing food, shelter, water, sanitation and medical care in response to ongoing humanitarian crisis.

Question 34

Global health:

Answer 34

Global health extends beyond the individual and is concerned with the health of populations through an international collaborative approach to achieve equality for all people worldwide.