SAC 3

Question 1

Social model of health:

Answer 1

Based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed. It considers all determinants of health.

Question 2

5 Key principles of the social model of health:

Answer 2

AREAS:
A: Addressing the broader determinants of health. Example: Vichealth food for all program enables people of lower socioeconomic status to have access to safe and nutritious food, thus addressing social and economic factors.
R: Reduce social inequities. Example: smiles for miles program that aims to reduce the cost of dental care (which in Australia is not covered by Medicare) to provide sustainable oral health services to children in high risk communities across Victoria, especially those from lower socio economic backgrounds, indigenous communities and those in rural populations.
E: Empowers individuals and the community. Example: Vichealth sunsmart program works with schools and communities to provide information and resources to help educate people about sun safety.
A: Enable access to healthcare. Medicare is available to all australian citizens and permanent residents regardless of income and can be accessed upon need with little to no out of pocket costs.
S: Involves inter-sectorial collaboration of healthcare. Vichealth - Quit program: works with the govenerment, schools, sporting clubs, public outlets and the media to educate people about the consequences of smoking and to help put restrictions on places where smoking is allowed.

Question 3

Health promotion:

Answer 3

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.

Question 4

Ottawa charter 3 basic strategies for health promotion:

Answer 4

Enable, Mediate, Advocate.
MAE.
Enabling: involves creating supportive environments by providing access to knowledge and fostering skills, thereby allowing (enabling) people go reach their fullest health potential.
Mediating: Mediating involves coordinated action from the government, health sectors, community organisations, non-government organisations, food and support industries and the media to mediate more preventative approaches.
Advocate: Involves showing active support and initiative for health promotion. Advocacy is established though lobbying governments, health sectors and other organisations to improve access to quality healthcare. This involves reducing health inequalities and promoting better health outcomes.

Question 5

Priority Areas Ottawa Charter:

Answer 5

Bad: Build Healthy Public Policies. Development of policy, legislation or changed in taxation to promote health.
Cats: Creating supportive environments. Environments (physical and social) that help to make healthy choices the easier choices.
Stew: Strengthen Community Action. Involving and encouraging people from all parts of the community to work together.
Dead: Develop personal skills. Give people the information and skills to make healthier choices.
Rats: Reorient health services. Switch the focus from biomedical to preventive health care. Encourage medial professionals to take a preventative approach.

Question 6

VicHealth Mission:

Answer 6

A victorian state government initiative.
Vic health mission commits to:
- In partnership with others to promote good health.
- Promote fairness and opportunity for better health.
- Seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians.
- Recognise that the social and economic conditions for all people influence their health
- Support initiatives that assist individuals, communities, workplaces, and broader society to improve wellbeing.

Question 7

Vichealth Priorities:

Answer 7

• Promote healthy eating.
• Encourage regular physical activity.
• Prevent tobacco use.
• Prevent harm from alcohol.
• Improve mental wellbeing.

Question 8

Vichealth role:

Answer 8

Health promotion and primary prevention of non-communicable disease in order to promote good health, prevent ill-health and reduce inequalities between population groups in Victoria.

Question 9

Funding healthcare:

Answer 9

Funding for the healthcare system is shared between the federal, state and territory and local governments, private health insurance funds, individuals and non-government agencies.

Question 10

Federal government responsibilities:

Answer 10

• administer the PBS.
• regulate Quarantine
• administer Medicare.

Question 11

State government responsibilities:

Answer 11

• Delivery of health services.
• Regulatory responsibilities (such as licensing gps)
• Ambulance services.

Question 12

Local government responsibilities:

Answer 12

• Organisation of immunisations.
• Maintaining a sanitary environment.
• Health education.
• develop local by-laws

Question 13

Values of the health care system:

Answer 13

CARE SES.
Continuous: provide uninterrupted and coordinated care over time, there should not be a point in time when healthcare is suddenly discontinued or stopped.
Accessible: should be easy to reach at the right place and time, a person’s income, cultural background or geographical location should not stop them from accessing health care.
Responsive: Be aimed at protecting the patients confidentiality and dignity.
Efficient: Care, intervention or action achieves the desired results with the most cost-effective use of resources.
Sustainable: should be able to sustain itself In the long run by sustaining and maintains its workforce, infrastructure and resources to continue to respond to future needs.
Effective: Care, intervention of action that achieves the desired outcome is relevant to the patients need and meets the required standard.
Safe: Reducing the risks associated with the delivery of health care.

Question 14

Biomedical model of health:

Answer 14

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. Practiced by doctors and or health professionals. Includes medical tests such as x rays and blood tests, surgery and medical procedures, medications and chemotherapy.

Question 15

Medicare:

Answer 15

Medicare is Australia’s national tax-funded healthcare scheme that provides access to health care and medical care for little or no cost to all Australians in need of treatment, regardless of age and income.
Funded in 3 ways:
Medicare levy - charged upon the taxable income of Austrliam taxpayers.
Medicare levy surcharge - charged upon higher income earners who have not taken out private health insurance.
General taxation.

Question 16

What is covered and not covered of Medicare:

Answer 16

Covered:
- Doctors and specialist consultation fees.
- Tests and examinations needed to treat illnesses.
- Eye tests performed by an optometrist.
Not covered:
- Ambulance services.
- Private hospital costs.
- Cosmetic surgery.

Question 17

The pharmaceutical benefits scheme:

Answer 17

The PBS was introduced to substitute the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with vital medication at affordable prices.

Question 18

Safety net (Medicare and PBS):

Answer 18

The Medicare safety net protects individuals and families from large out of pocket expenses for medical care.
The PBS safety net protects individuals and families from large out of pocket expenses for medications.

Question 19

Private health insurance:

Answer 19

Private health insurance is a policy that is taken out by individuals or families to provide cover for services that are not covered by Medicare. There are two types of cover, hospital cover and extras cover (for non-hospital services). Either or both can be purchased.

Question 20

Incentive Schemes PHI:

Answer 20

The federal government has introduced a number of incentive schemes to encourage individuals to take out private health insurance.
Private health insurance rebate: Subject to mean testing, families and individuals paying for PHI may be eligible for a rebate on insurance premiums.
Lifetime health cover: Anyone who does not have private hospital insurance before the financial year after their 31st birthday and decides to take out cover later will pay and extra 2% on their premiums each year over the age of 30.
Medicare levy surcharge: In addition to the compulsory Medicare levy, a small percentage of annual income is charger to Australian taxpayers who do not have private hospital health insurance.

Question 21

Advantages and disadvantages of Medicare:

Answer 21

Advantages - Medical treatment available for little or no cost.
- All Australians have access to Medicare regardless of age or income.
Disadvantages - Long waiting lists for many treatment/hospital services.
- Doesn’t cover all health services (Alternative therapies).

Question 22

Advantages and disadvantages of PHI:

Answer 22

Advantages - Enables access to private hospital care.
- Choice of own doctor in public and private hospitals.
Disadvantages -

Question 23

Nutrition surveys:

Answer 23

Nutrition surveys allow the government to determine the current condition of Australia’s food intake by identifying trends within nutritional and dietary intake.

Question 24

How to nutrition surveys promote healthy eating and limitations:

Answer 24

The information of surveys can be used
- As a tool to assess the dietary intakes of the Australian population.
- To help develop food and nutrition policy and food models.
- To create benchmarks for health strategies to be measured against.
Limitations: Food recall is questionable and gathered data is often limited to a 24 hour period.

Question 25

Dietary guideline 1:

Answer 25

Achieve and maintain a healthy weight, by physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs.

Question 26

Dietary guideline 2:

Answer 26

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day. And drink plenty of water.

Question 27

Dietary guideline 3:

Answer 27

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

Question 28

Dietary guideline 4:

Answer 28

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.

Question 29

Dietary guideline 5:

Answer 29

Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.

Question 30

Definition of guidelines, how they promote healthy eating and limitations:

Answer 30

The ADG are a framework to:
- Guide selection of food.
- Promote benefits of healthy eating to reduce the risk of diet revealed conditions and chronic disease and improve health across the lifespan.
They promote healthy eating by:
- Assisting in the development of food models.
- Provide basic nutritional advice for individuals (types and amounts of foods, food groups and dietary patterns that aim to promote health and wellbeing and reduce the risk of developing diet related conditions).
Limitations:
- The guidelines are broad.
- Information about recommended daily serves and serve sizes is separate to the actual guidelines.

Question 31

Nutrition Australia:

Answer 31

Is a non-government, non-profit, community-based organisation. The mission of Nutrition Australia is to promote optimal health for all Australians by encouraging food variety and physical activity.
Services offered - nutrition clinics, menu assessments and provision of products and services to address food and nutrition issues across the lifespan (The healthy living pyramid).

Question 32

Healthy living pyramid:

Answer 32

The trademark of nutrition australia. Developed to provide a simple guide to planning the foods we should eat and in what proportions.
The pyramid is divided into 3 groups - Eat most, Eat moderately and Eat Least.
How they promote healthy eating: To guide wise choices from the wide range of foods and drinks now available in Australia.
To provide basic nutritional advice for individuals - Information on the types and amounts of foods, to promote health and wellbeing and reduce the risk of developing diet related conditions and chronicle diseases.
Limitations: Does not show serve sizes and it includes fruit in the eat most section.

Question 33

Advantages of the biomedical model:

Answer 33

Common illnesses can be effectively treated through prescription of antibiotics.
Has led to advances in medicine and technology which have decreased mortality rates in Austrlia.

Question 34

Disadvantages of the biomedical model:

Answer 34

Costly - from medications and technology use.
Not all diseases can be treated (such as cancers).
It depends on medicine, rather than preventative lifestyle changes.