SAC 4

Question 1

Characteristics of developing countries:

Answer 1

• High mortality.
• Low life expectancy.
• Poor industry, limited trade.
• Low GDP, high rates of poverty.
• Limited healthcare and education systems.

Question 2

Mortality Strata A (1):

Answer 2

Very low child mortality and very low adult mortality.

Question 3

Mortality strata B (2):

Answer 3

Low child mortality and low adult mortality.

Question 4

Mortality Strata C (3):

Answer 4

Low child mortality and high adult mortality.

Question 5

Mortality strata D (4):

Answer 5

High child mortality and high adult mortality.

Question 6

Mortality strata E (5):

Answer 6

High child mortality and very high adult mortality.

Question 7

Sustainability definition:

Answer 7

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 8

The 3 elements of sustainability:

Answer 8

Social: Employment, equity, education, security, cultural inclusion, participation.
Economic: Income, growth, stability.
Environmental: Healthy environment for humans, rational use of renewable natural resources, conservation of non-renewable natural resources.

Question 9

Key elements ensuring sustainability (equity):

Answer 9

Sp

Question 10

Key elements ensuring sustainability (affordability):

Answer 10

Programs need to be financially sustainable. They need to:

• Be affordable to implement.
• Be affordable in the long term.
• Focus on education.

Question 11

Key elements ensuring sustainability (appropriateness):

Answer 11

Programs need to meet the needs of the people they are being developed for. The programs need to:

• Empower people (with knowledge and skills).
• Respect cultural values.
• Be accessible.

Question 12

Human development:

Answer 12

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creatives lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Question 13

Human Development Index:

Answer 13

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ level of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions - health, education and living standards and four indicators - life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita.
The closer to the value of 1, the higher the HDI of a country (and the better the health status).

Question 14

Causes of mortality in Australia:

Answer 14

Non-communicable disease:

• Cardiovascular disease.
• Cancer.
• Injury.

Question 15

Causes of mortality in developing countries:

Answer 15

Malnutrition.
Infectious (Communicable) disease:
- HIV/AIDS
- Measles
- Whooping cough
- Tuberculosis (TB)
Diarrhoeal disease.
Parasitic diseases:
- Malaria.

Question 16

Characteristics of developed countries:

Answer 16

• Low child and adult mortality.
• Longer life expectancy.
• Well developed industry and trade.
• High GDP.
• Established healthcare and education systems.

Question 17

Income as a factor in the differences in health status and impact:

Answer 17

Australia has income to invest in healthcare, education, social security and infrastructure. There are low rates of unemployment which increases the income of many and the options available in relation to healthcare.
In developing countries, low wages and no social security reduces the income. Low income increase malnutrition, illness and leads to lower literacy rates.
Low GDP means less money is spent by governments on access to safe water and sanitation, education, healthcare and social security so there is more illness, less health promotion, low immunisation rates, low literacy rates, high infant and maternal mortality rates.

Question 18

Gender equality as a factor of the differences in health status:

Answer 18

In Australia, laws protect children from early marriage, child labour and exploration. In developing countries, many girls are forced into marriage at a young age. As a result they have babies at a young age which increases the rate of infant and maternal mortality rates. Girls are less likely to be educated than makes and are often expected to take on adult roles which pose a risk to physical and mental health. They are also at risk of being trafficked, forced into prostitution or child labour leading to malnutrition, abuse and violence.

Question 19

Education as a factor for differences in health status:

Answer 19

A higher percentage of GDP being spent on education in Australia compared to many developing countries increases access to education. This contributes to higher literacy rates which can improve health status. Lower percentage of GDP being spent on education in many developing countries reduces access to education. Lack of education contributes to the inequality between males and females. Being less educated makes individuals vulnerable to dangerous employment such as child labour, prostitution and intensive work which pose a threat to physical and mental health.

Question 20

Political stability and peace factor on the differences in health status:

Answer 20

In Australia we have stable political environment, democratic government which leads to a larger percentage of GDP.
In some developing countries, governments are not stable and people have fewer rights, less access to health care and education.

Question 21

Access to healthcare factor on the differences in health status:

Answer 21

Australians have excellent access to primary healthcare services, medical care, immunisation and maternal and child health.
Many elements of health are not available in developing countries which contributes to poor access to health care.
Lack of income means less hospitals and clinics.
Lack of access to health care and less resources in developing countries contributes to lower immunisation coverage and high rates of communicable diseases.

Question 22

Global marketing factor on the differences in health status:

Answer 22

The consumption of tobacco globally has increased because the laws, taxes and campaigns that operate in Australia are non existent in developing countries which then increased the incidence of lung cancer and the number of deaths due to tobacco in developing countries.
Increased consumption of processed foods has increased the incidence of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, colon cancer and hypertensive heart disease.

Question 23

Physical environment factor influencing the differences in health status:

Answer 23

In Australia people have access to a clean and safe water supply and they do not live in overcrowded conditions. Reduced access to safe water supplies in developing countries increases the spread to water borne illness which can cause dehydration and malnutrition due to diarrhoea and increase under 5 and infant mortality in developing countries.