SAC 4- health and the sustainable development goals

Question 1

what are the SDGs?

Answer 1

A set of 17 goals set by the United Nations for the health and wellbeing of all people, and the protection of the planet, intended to be achieved by 2030.

Question 2

what is sustainable devlopment?

Answer 2

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 3

what is global health?

Answer 3

The health of populations in a worldwide context that go beyond the perspectives and concerns of individual countries. Global health is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.

Question 4

what is the rationale of the SDGS?

Answer 4

1. Because new goals were needed when Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ended in 2015
2. Because there was uneven progress across regions and countries
3. Because new global challenges had emerged

Question 5

what are the objectives of the SDGs?

Answer 5

To end extreme poverty
To fight inequality and injustice
To address climate change

Question 6

what is SDG 3?

Answer 6

good health and wellbeing

Question 7

why is SDG 3 important?

Answer 7

• Because millions of people still die globally from mainly preventable causes such as communicable (e.g. HIV/AIDs and malaria) and non-communicable diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease).
• Because maternal mortality rates are high in many developing countries, often due to reduced access to adequate antenatal healthcare.
• Because infant and child mortality rates are still high in many developing countries, which could usually be prevented with improved access to safe water, nutritious food, healthcare and vaccines (children are the future of society and the economy)
• Because mental health conditions, road trauma and harmful substance use contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, especially in young people.

Question 8

what are the key features of SDG 3?

Answer 8

Reduce global maternal mortality rates
End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years
End epidemics of communicable disease (e.g. AIDS, TB, malaria, hepatitis, water-borne disease)
Reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases, and promote mental health and wellbeing
Halve global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
Achieve universal health coverage ( including universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services)

Question 9

SDG 1

• what?
• why?
• key features?

Answer 9

NO POVERTY

why?
- Because over 800 million people still live in extreme poverty
- Because ¼ children under 5 has inadequate height for their age i.e. stunted growth
- Because 1/5 people live on less than $1.25 per day
= poor standard of living and increase risk of poor health

key features-

• eradicate ecteme poverty
• implement social portection systems

Question 10

SDD 2

• what?
• why?
• key features?

Answer 10

ZERO HUNGER

why?-

• Because almost 800 million people are undernourished
• Because poor nutrition causes nearly half of deaths in children under 5
• Because ¼ children have stunted growth
• Because agriculture is the largest employer in the world

key features-

• end all forms of malnutrition
• double agricultural productivity

Question 11

what is food security?

Answer 11

when all people can obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through non-emergency sources

Question 12

what is the difference between under nutrition and malnutrition?

Answer 12

Undernutrition= when people do not have enough food to eat to meet their daily energy requirements
Malnutrition= when there is a lack of specific nutrients required for the body to function effectively e.g. iron deficiency anaemia

Question 13

SDG 4

• what?
• why?
• key features

Answer 13

QUALITY EDUCATION

why?-

• Because 57 million children remain out of school
• Because 50% of out of school children live in areas of conflict
• Because 103 million youth lack basic literacy skills (60% of these are women

key features-

• All girls and boys complete free, quality primary and secondary education
• Ensure all people have adequate numeracy and literacy skills
• Increase number of qualified teachers

Question 14

SDG 5

• what?
• why?
• key features

Answer 14

GENDER EQUALITY

why?-

• Because adolescent girls, aged 10-19, are more likely to die from AIDS, than any other cause
• Because 1/3 of countries in developing regions do not have gender parity in primary education
• Because women represent a smaller proportion of workforce

key features-

• End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls
• End all forms of violence against women and girls
• Eliminate harmful practices (e.g. forced marriage, female genital mutilation)

Question 15

what is gender equality?

Answer 15

refers to the situation where women and men have the same level of power and control over aspects of their lives

Question 16

SDG 6

• what?
• why?
• key features

Answer 16

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

why?-

• Because 663 million people still without access to clean drinking water
• Because 1.8 billion people source drinking water that is contaminated with faecal matter
• Because 2.4 billon people lack access to basic sanitation (e.g. toilet)
• Because almost 1000 children die each day from preventable diarrhoeal conditions

key features-

• Universal and equitable access to safe and affordable dirnking water
• Access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all
• Support local communities in water and sanitation management

Question 17

SDG 13

• what?
• why?
• key features

Answer 17

CLIMATE ACTION

why?-

• Because global temperatures are rising = reduced agricultural productivity + rising sea levels
• Because global CO2 emissions have increased by nearly 50% since 1990

key features-

• Strengthen resilience and capacity of all countries to adapt to natural disasters
• Integrate climate change measures international policies, strategies and planning
• Improve education of people to take actions that reduce / prevent environmental degradation

Question 18

what is global warming?

Answer 18

the increase in Earths average surface temperature due to the increased effect of greenhouse gases, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from the earth’s atmosphere.

Question 19

identify the work of the WHO (6)

Answer 19

Provide leaderships and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing
Conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information
Set norms and standards and promote and monitor their implementation
Develop policies to help countries take action to promote health and wellbeing
Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems

Monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends

Question 20

work of the WHO:

Provide leaderships and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing

Answer 20

• work with member states to achieve positive health outcomes for those in need
• collaborate with international bodies such as the UN to ensure programs are as effective as possible

Question 21

work of the WHO:

Conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information

Answer 21

up to date research can inform decisions to improve prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of disease

Question 22

work of the WHO:

Set norms and standards and promote and monitor their implementation

Answer 22

-standardised research practices e.g. common terminology, indicators and data collection methods therefore increased effectiveness and efficiency of info sharing, disease monitoring and program evaluation

Question 23

work of the WHO:

Develop policies to help countries take action to promote health and wellbeing

Answer 23

• help communities/ governments implement effective action

- adapt policies to meet their local context

Question 24

work of the WHO:

Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems

Answer 24

• advice to countries to implement sustainable changes to policies and programs.
• help counties strengthen their capacity for early warning, risk reduction and the management of health and wellbeing risks

Question 25

work of the WHO:

Monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends

Answer 25

-developed global health observatory to store, compare and share health data = identify disease types and causes to target action

Question 26

identify the priorities of the WHO and their goals

Answer 26

1) Achieving universal health coverage
Goal= 1 billon more people benefitting from universal health coverage

2) Addressing health emergencies
Goal= 1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies

3) Promoting healthier populations
Goal= 1 billion more people enjoying better health and wellbeing

Question 27

what is emergency aid?

Answer 27

rapid provision of resources to people or countries in immediate distress to relive suffering during and/or after an unforeseen event e.g. civil war / natural disasters; can come in form of provision of food, water, medical supplied, temporary shelter, personnel e.g. health workers; can be supplied by governments, multilateral organisations (e.g. UN), or NGOs

Question 28

what is the purpose of emergency aid?

Answer 28

to keep people alive by providing essential resources so they can eventually rebuild their lives/ to respond to the most urgent needs of people

Question 29

advantages of emergency aid

Answer 29

Quick aid provides essentials to those most in need therefore it can save lives

Question 30

disadvantages of emergency aid

Answer 30

Short term so not usually sustainable therefore may not improve BoD, LE or HD long term

Question 31

what is bilateral aid?

Answer 31

When aid is given by ones country’s government directly to another; often in the form of money but also services, equipment, sending people over

Question 32

what is the purpose of bilateral aid?

Answer 32

to reduce poverty and promote human development in donor country, often in immediate region, which can provide more training partners in the future/ to assist in building relationships between countries and promoting regional security as bilateral aid is often provided for political reasons/ to implement programs that meet the needs of the country and its people as governments work together = they agree on the aid being provided

Question 33

advantages of bilateral aid?

Answer 33

Can help strengthen ties between countries and increase stability in the area therefore can help promote sustainable resources and relationships for long term health gains

Question 34

disadvantages of bilateral aid

Answer 34

Often given to major cities therefore does not reach those in most need e.g. rural and remote areas, therefore not improving the health of those of lowest HS
Aid can be used to put political or economic pressure on the receiving country; the country may then end up owing a donor country or organisation a ‘favour’ therefore can be detrimental to long term health outcomes

Question 35

what is multilateral aid?

Answer 35

aid is provided through an international organisation e.g. World bank, UN, WHO, UNICEF; it combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to the recipients; these resources can be used for a range of emergency and development programs

Question 36

what is the purpose of multilateral aid?

Answer 36

to achieve greater reach and provide more resources than the governments of specific countries or NGOs can provide on their own/ to be able to implement large scale programs as multilateral organisations have global influence and can access places that would be beyond the reach of an individual government

Question 37

advantages of multilateral aid

Answer 37

Has the potential to reach many people as those organisations are active in many parts of the world therefore can have significant impact on global health

Question 38

disadvantages of multilateral aid

Answer 38

Aid can increase the dependency on donor countries. Sometimes aid is not given as a gift, but a loan, and poor countries may struggles to repay which can therefore lead to decreased health long term.

Question 39

define NGO aid

Answer 39

aid which includes specific community focused program. emergency aid, volunteering, education and development provided by organistaions that are ran separately from the government

Question 40

what is Australia’s aid program?

Answer 40

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT):
It acts to promote human development by working to reduce poverty in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of Australia’s aid program is to promote our national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction

Question 41

what are the features of australia’s aid program

Answer 41

• Promote national interest by:
• reducing poverty in low- and middle-income countries
• contributing to sustainable economic growth
• Focusing on the Indo-Pacific region

Question 42

why does Australia give aid?

Answer 42

• Humanitarian reasons – helping those less fortunate is important to many; we have a moral responsibility or ‘obligation’ to help those in need (especially as a high-income country).
• Giving aid improves Australia’s regional security – by assisting low- and middle-income countries in the development of legal and political systems, Australia forges ties with other countries and assists them in reducing the risk of conflict and political instability. It also allows Australia to work with other countries to manage transitional threats; issues such as drug trafficking, people smuggling and the spread of infectious diseases.
• Benefits to trade – as well as economic resources, Australia provide resources produced by Australian companies. This enhances Australia’s economy whilst benefitting low- and middle- income countries at the same time.

Question 43

DFAT partnerships

Answer 43

• with other government departments
• bilateral
• with multilateral organisations
• with private sectors
• with NGOs

Question 44

identify the Australian aid priority areas?

Answer 44

1) Gender equality and empowering women and girls
2) Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection
3) Education and health
4) Agriculture, fisheries and water
5) Effective governance: policies, institutions and functioning economies
6) Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness

Question 45

what is social protection?

Answer 45

refers to programs that address risk, vulnerability, inequality and poverty through a system that transfers to people in cash or kind

Question 46

what are NGOs?

Answer 46

• NGOs work to promote h&wb and HD; they operate separately from governments, however some rely on funding from governments, along with public donations
• They take different approaches to aid, which can include specific projects or programs, emergency, volunteering, education and development. The aid provided is often focused on communities
• Generally, the aid focuses on smaller projects that are more focused and involve the community, often working in collaboration with governments or other agencies
  e. g. red cross, world vision, oxfam

Question 47

advantages of NGOs

Answer 47

• Focuses on small community-based projects targeted to specific needs of a community THEREFORE focus on those most in need so likely to have the greatest impact
• Have comprehensive knowledge of poverty and its causes at a local community level THEREFORE target specific areas of need to increase effectiveness/ impact
• Can often access areas that other forms of aid is unable to reach e.g. remote or conflict affected areas THEREFORE increase access =increase impact
• Often have strong connections with local communities which means that trust is already established THEREFORE more people participate/engage/ receptive increasing sustainability (longer term effects)
• Focuses on h&wb needs and promotes community development and participation THEREFORE communities likely to become more self-sufficient, increasing sustainability i.e. long term impacts

Question 48

what is the better food, better health project?

Answer 48

A nutrition and agriculture project ran by World Vision in collaboration with the Australia government benefitting approx. 30,000 people in Timor-Leste; the project promoted production and utilisation of 6 super foods (e.g. soy beans) all of which are highly nutritious, grow well locally and have market potential

Question 49

what is the purpose of the better food better health project?

Answer 49

to ensure children under 5 and their mothers are well nourished

Question 50

why was the better food better health project initaited?

Answer 50

• Because Timor-Leste has one of the highest rates of undernutrition in the World and undernutrition can have devastating effects on children’s long-term development
• Because approx.80% of the population – living predominantly in rural areas- depend on subsistence food production. This means families grow limited amounts and types of food. They don’t have enough money to buy additional food, resulting in gaps in good security and nutrition

Question 51

how was the better food better health project implemented?

Answer 51

• Baseline study: info gathered about target populations and previous World Vision child health and nutrition projects in Temor-Leste was used to inform project design and provide a baseline from which to evaluate the projects achievements towards its goals
• Empowering community groups: trained health volunteers teach community groups:
• > local families, particularly focusing on women, with knowledge and skills about superfood production, storage e.g. Tofu and use in everyday cooking
• > facilitate parent club meetings and perform home visits, particularly in women, spreading key health and nutrition messages and undertaking child growth monitoring
• > farmers with improved agricultural techniques and technologies to apply to their own farms boosting crop productivity
• Access to finance: through village savings and loans groups enabling members to provide better nutrition and other essentials for their children

Question 52

what are the features of effective aid?

Answer 52

Partnerships and collaboration
Ownership
Results focused
Transparency and accountablity

Question 53

what is social action and the types of social action?

Answer 53

doing something/behaviour to help create positive change/ improve human welfare

volunteer/donate/ purchasing power/ raise awareness

Question 54

why engage in social action?

Answer 54

• BECAUSE social action raises awareness of…
• > Other’s situations, people might engage in social action to help those who are less fortunate than themselves
• > potential damage to the community and/ or environment, people might engage in social action to prevent this harm from occurring e.g. advocate against large scale development in fragile environmental areas
• BECAUSE social action tends to focus on minority groups who may be ignored or discriminated against e.g. those with low income or disability, people might engage in social action to ensure the needs of all people are represented