SAC 3- health and human development in a global context Flashcards
define GNI per capita
the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country (per capita = divided by population)
what are the economic characteristics of countries
Levels of poverty
Average incomes
Range of industries
Global trade opportunities
what are the environmental characteristics of countries?
Housing Infrastructure CO2 emissions/energy use Access to safe water Adequate sanitation Food security
what are the social characteristics of countries?
Birth rates/populations growth Employment Education Healthcare systems Social security systems Access to technology
what is the double burden of disease
When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side by side in one community.
This occurs particularly in upper and lower middle incomes countries
what are the key components of human development?
- ‘full potential and lead productive, creative lives’
- ‘choices’ + ‘decisions affecting their lifes”
- ‘enhancing capabilities’ + ‘having access to knowledge’
- ‘decent standard of living’
- ‘participate in the life of their community’
what is the HDI?
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries level of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions- a long healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living – and four indications- life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita
HDI INDICATORS:
what is life expectancy at birth
The number of years a person can expect to live (calculated at birth) if mortality rates do not change
HDI INDICATORS:
what is mean years of schooling?
The average number of years of schooling achieved by those 25 and over
HDI INDICATORS:
what is expected years of schooling?
The number of years of formal schooling expected to be achieved by those entering the school system
HDI INDICATORS:
what is GNI per capita?
The average income per person in a country, once debts to other countries have been paid
advantages of the HDI
- Takes more into account than just average incomes therefore provides a more comprehensive representation of the level of human development experienced
- Is a composite statistic and as a result is a single statistic therefore making comparison between countries level of human development easier
- Effective for analysing progress with regards to human development that is made by countries over time
- Has captured attention of media therefore had raised awareness of the importance of human development so helps people questions current policy choices
limitations of the HDI
- Only reflects aspects of human development therefore does not capture the richness and depth of it e.g. does not reflect populations ‘ability to make decisions affecting their life’
- The HDI is based on averages therefore does provide an indication of the inequalities that exist within countries
- No survey data is collected therefore people’s feelings about their lives and issues facing their communities are not reflected
- Collecting data is complex therefore data may not be reliable and accurate
what are the factors that contribute to variations in HS between countries?
- safe water
- sanitation
- poverty
- inequality and discrimination
- global distribution and marketing
define sanitation
the removal of hazardous (or human waste) from the environment
define povety
a lack or deprivation of essential resources e.g. income, food, shelter
what is discrimination?
the unfair of prejudicial treatment of people of groups based on certain characteristics
what is the difference between sex. gender identity and sexual orientation?
- Sex= persons biological features
- Sexual orientation= who someone is sexually and romantically attracted to
- Gender identity= gender that a person identifies as
what is global distribution and marketing?
The reduction of boundaries between countries in advertising and subsequently selling products e.g. alcohol tobacco and processed foods by multinational companies on a global scale, increasing consumption of such products worldwide
define sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
define social sustainability and give examples
creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely. All people having their human rights upheld
E.g. investing in education/ development of health care systems/ peace and security/ promotion of political and legal rights/ access to safe and decent working conditions/ gender equality
define economic sustainability and give exmaples
ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future
E.g. innovative and diverse range of industries/ increasing opportunities for trade/ fair trade/ economic growth/ employment
define environmental sustainability and give exmaples
ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
E.g. maintaining biodiversity/ managing climate change/ reducing emissions/ responsible waste removal
define climate change and give examples of its effects
an increase in the global temperatures as a result of increased greenhouse gases which traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere
- Rising sea levels e.g. relocation of coastal villages and farms/ decreased availability of fresh water/ decreased agriculture and food supplies/ reduction in biodiversity
- Changing weather patterns e.g. increased heat waves and hot days/ decreased rainfall in dry areas = drought/ increased humidity/ pollution and pollen seasons
- Extreme weather events e.g. floods/ bushfires/ hurricanes, cyclones, tornado
define mass migration and give examples of its effects
the movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another, often occurs as a result of conflict or persecution
E.g. overcrowding/ food insecurity/ less opportunities (work, education)/ new culture
what are some impacts of conflict
loss of life/ injury and disability/ increased fear and stress/ destruction of infrastructure/ economic strain
what are the impacts of tourism?
economic growth and employment/ promotes culture and creates understanding of cultural values/ increased spread of disease/ environment degradation
what is world trade and give examples of its impacts
the exchange of goods and services between countries. It is driven by production costs in different countries
E.g. promotes competition/ creates job opportunities/ strengthens ties between nations/ social injustices/ environmental degradation
what are digital technologies, include exmaples
electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate, store and process data e.g. apps, mobile devices, social media
E.g. eHealth/ data collection, alert systems/ online education/ health apps/ privacy and safety concerns
