SAC 3- health and human development in a global context

Question 1

define GNI per capita

Answer 1

the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country (per capita = divided by population)

Question 2

what are the economic characteristics of countries

Answer 2

Levels of poverty
Average incomes
Range of industries
Global trade opportunities

Question 3

what are the environmental characteristics of countries?

Answer 3

Housing
Infrastructure
CO2 emissions/energy use
Access to safe water
Adequate sanitation
Food security

Question 4

what are the social characteristics of countries?

Answer 4

Birth rates/populations growth
Employment
Education
Healthcare systems
Social security systems
Access to technology

Question 5

what is the double burden of disease

Answer 5

When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side by side in one community.
This occurs particularly in upper and lower middle incomes countries

Question 6

what are the key components of human development?

Answer 6

• ‘full potential and lead productive, creative lives’
• ‘choices’ + ‘decisions affecting their lifes”
• ‘enhancing capabilities’ + ‘having access to knowledge’
• ‘decent standard of living’
• ‘participate in the life of their community’

Question 7

what is the HDI?

Answer 7

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries level of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions- a long healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living – and four indications- life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita

Question 8

HDI INDICATORS:

what is life expectancy at birth

Answer 8

The number of years a person can expect to live (calculated at birth) if mortality rates do not change

Question 9

HDI INDICATORS:

what is mean years of schooling?

Answer 9

The average number of years of schooling achieved by those 25 and over

Question 10

HDI INDICATORS:

what is expected years of schooling?

Answer 10

The number of years of formal schooling expected to be achieved by those entering the school system

Question 11

HDI INDICATORS:

what is GNI per capita?

Answer 11

The average income per person in a country, once debts to other countries have been paid

Question 12

advantages of the HDI

Answer 12

• Takes more into account than just average incomes therefore provides a more comprehensive representation of the level of human development experienced
• Is a composite statistic and as a result is a single statistic therefore making comparison between countries level of human development easier
• Effective for analysing progress with regards to human development that is made by countries over time
• Has captured attention of media therefore had raised awareness of the importance of human development so helps people questions current policy choices

Question 13

limitations of the HDI

Answer 13

• Only reflects aspects of human development therefore does not capture the richness and depth of it e.g. does not reflect populations ‘ability to make decisions affecting their life’
• The HDI is based on averages therefore does provide an indication of the inequalities that exist within countries
• No survey data is collected therefore people’s feelings about their lives and issues facing their communities are not reflected
• Collecting data is complex therefore data may not be reliable and accurate

Question 14

what are the factors that contribute to variations in HS between countries?

Answer 14

• safe water
• sanitation
• poverty
• inequality and discrimination
• global distribution and marketing

Question 15

define sanitation

Answer 15

the removal of hazardous (or human waste) from the environment

Question 16

define povety

Answer 16

a lack or deprivation of essential resources e.g. income, food, shelter

Question 17

what is discrimination?

Answer 17

the unfair of prejudicial treatment of people of groups based on certain characteristics

Question 18

what is the difference between sex. gender identity and sexual orientation?

Answer 18

• Sex= persons biological features
• Sexual orientation= who someone is sexually and romantically attracted to
• Gender identity= gender that a person identifies as

Question 19

what is global distribution and marketing?

Answer 19

The reduction of boundaries between countries in advertising and subsequently selling products e.g. alcohol tobacco and processed foods by multinational companies on a global scale, increasing consumption of such products worldwide

Question 20

define sustainability

Answer 20

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 21

define social sustainability and give examples

Answer 21

creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely. All people having their human rights upheld
E.g. investing in education/ development of health care systems/ peace and security/ promotion of political and legal rights/ access to safe and decent working conditions/ gender equality

Question 22

define economic sustainability and give exmaples

Answer 22

ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future
E.g. innovative and diverse range of industries/ increasing opportunities for trade/ fair trade/ economic growth/ employment

Question 23

define environmental sustainability and give exmaples

Answer 23

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
E.g. maintaining biodiversity/ managing climate change/ reducing emissions/ responsible waste removal

Question 24

define climate change and give examples of its effects

Answer 24

an increase in the global temperatures as a result of increased greenhouse gases which traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere

1. Rising sea levels e.g. relocation of coastal villages and farms/ decreased availability of fresh water/ decreased agriculture and food supplies/ reduction in biodiversity
2. Changing weather patterns e.g. increased heat waves and hot days/ decreased rainfall in dry areas = drought/ increased humidity/ pollution and pollen seasons
3. Extreme weather events e.g. floods/ bushfires/ hurricanes, cyclones, tornado

Question 25

define mass migration and give examples of its effects

Answer 25

the movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another, often occurs as a result of conflict or persecution
E.g. overcrowding/ food insecurity/ less opportunities (work, education)/ new culture

Question 26

what are some impacts of conflict

Answer 26

loss of life/ injury and disability/ increased fear and stress/ destruction of infrastructure/ economic strain

Question 27

what are the impacts of tourism?

Answer 27

economic growth and employment/ promotes culture and creates understanding of cultural values/ increased spread of disease/ environment degradation

Question 28

what is world trade and give examples of its impacts

Answer 28

the exchange of goods and services between countries. It is driven by production costs in different countries
E.g. promotes competition/ creates job opportunities/ strengthens ties between nations/ social injustices/ environmental degradation

Question 29

what are digital technologies, include exmaples

Answer 29

electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate, store and process data e.g. apps, mobile devices, social media
E.g. eHealth/ data collection, alert systems/ online education/ health apps/ privacy and safety concerns