SAC 2 - promoting health and wellbeing Flashcards
communicable diseases
- cause
- contagious?
- examples
Cause- Infectious agents i.e. bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi or their toxic products
Contagious?- Yes- can be passed from one person or animal to another
Transmission can occur:
-directly e.g. contact with bodily discharge
-indirectly e.g. sharing drink bottle
-by means of vectors e.g. mosquitos
Examples:
-malaria
-influenza
-chickenpox
-coronavirus
non-communicable diseases
- cause
- contagious?
- examples
cause: A combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors factors
contagious? -No
examples:
-CVD i.e. heart attack and stroke
-cancer
-chronic respiratory diseases i.e. COPD and asthma
-diabetes
what is the biomedical model?
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
how does the biomedical model work?
treats individuals once symptoms are present (reactive); relies on doctors/ hospitals/ pharmaceuticals and medical technology to diagnose, treat and cure illness; focuses on biological aspects of health; is expensive to run
advantages of the biomedical model
- Creates advancements in medical technology and research e.g. antibiotics, x-ray THEREFORE better diagnosis and more effective treatment increasing health status
- Enables treatment of many conditions which could otherwise cause death THEREFORE increased life expectancy
- Individualised approach THEREFORE treatment is tailored to individual cases which increase effectiveness e.g. improved quality of life
disadvantages of the biomedical model
- Costly THEREFORE not everyone can afford access to healthcare e.g. low SES
- Relies on trained healthcare professionals THEREFORE accessibility limited if demand is high e.g. waiting lists for surgery
- Not every condition can be treated/cured THEREFORE health status impact is limited
- Doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing (‘Band-Aid fix’) doesn’t address the cause of illness THEREFORE limited impact on incidence
what is old public health?
Actions that focused mainly on changes to the physical environment to prevent infectious diseases
why does old public health exist?
To address high infectious disease rates at the time
how does the old public health model work?
Through policies and practices to improved poor living conditions;
- Policies = quarantine laws; food quality and legislation; housing regulations; workplace regulations
- Practices = provision of clean water; improved sanitation; mass vaccination programs
what is new public health (social models of health)?
focuses on the broader factors that influence health and wellbeing; the sociocultural and environmental factors that have significant impact on health status to prevent lifestyle diseases.
why was the social models of health developed?
developed in response increases prevalence of lifestyle diseases e.g. CVD, cancer that have clear behavioural risk factors therefore health promotion strategies i.e. education needed
how does new public health work?
Health promotion strategies focused on education e.g. pamphlets, posters; however knowledge alone is not enough and approach must be multifaceted i.e. physical, sociocultural and political environmental need to be targeted as well i.e. policies such as tax on cigarettes; community development/ population wide based approach
what is the social model of health?
A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed
advantages of the social model of health
- Promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in prevention of disease THEREFORE decreased preventable disease rates, improving health status
- Shared responsibility; more than just the health sector THEREFORE increased effectiveness of health promotion campaigns to improve health status
- Relatively inexpensive compared to the biomedical approach THEREFORE more accessible to all SES groups
- Focuses on vulnerable population groups THEREFORE increased access to good health and wellbeing for disadvantaged groups
- Education can be passed on from generation to generation THEREFORE able to achieve sustainable improvements in health status
disadvantages of the social model of health
- Not every condition can be prevented THEREFORE limited impact on health status
- Does not promote development of technology and medical knowledge THEREFORE not contributing to discovery or development of additional treatment option and limiting impact on decreased prevalence or incidence
- Health promotion messages may be ignore THEREFORE health and wellbeing may not improve as it relied on public cooperation to change health outcomes
- Does not address individual health concerns THEREFORE limited improvement on health status for those already suffering diseases.
identify the principles of the social model of health
Involves intersectoral collaboration Addresses the broader determinants of health Empowers individuals and communities Acts to enable access to health care Acts to reduce social inequities
what does involves intersectoral collaboration mean (include examples)?
Coordinated action between different government departments and the private sector as determinants cannot be addressed by health sector alone.
e. g. Road safety:
- Education re: alcohol/drugs
- Police: enforce laws
- VicRoads: maintain road quality
what does addresses the broader determinants of health mean (include examples)?
Addressing the sociocultural, economic and environmental factors that impact on the body and human behaviour in order for health outcomes to improve e.g. gender, culture, race etc
e.g. Sun smart campaign- free education (sociocultural) e.g. billboards accessible by all SES groups about dangers of sun exposure causing skin cancer
what does empowers individuals and communities mean (include examples)?
Involve individuals and communities in decision making, educate them with the skills and knowledge to make healthy decisions
e.g. Food pyramid poster- empower people to make informed decisions about their diet
what does acts to enable access to health care mean (include examples)?
For health care to be accessible it should be affordable and available according to people’s need.
e. g. -bulkbilling (affordable)
- PBS subsidises medication (financial barriers)
what does acts to reduce social inequalities mean (include examples)?
Removing or reducing barriers of gender, culture, race, SES, unemployment, housing, location to achieve equity in the health care system i.e. removing disadvantage
e.g. Mobile breast screening reduces social inequities by ensuring people wo live in rural and remote areas are not disadvantaged
define health promotion
process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their own health
what is the ottowa charter ?
an approach to health developed by the WHO that aims to reduce inequities in health. It reflects the Social Model of Health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centred on three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy
identify the strategies of the OC
- MEDIATE
- ADVOACTE
- ENABLE
strategies of the OC - mediate
Improvements in health cannot be met by one sector alone – health promotion requires coordinated action; different sectors working together
strategies of the OC - advocate
Advocate strongly for health because it acts as a major resource for individuals, countries and the world. Outline the importance of good health. Actions seek to gain support to positively influence health
strategies of the OC - enable
Focuses on achieving equity in health. Aims to ensure the availability of equal opportunities and resource to enable all to achieve their full health potential. Empower people to control the factors that determine their health
identify the action areas of the OC
BUILDING HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY ACTION DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
action areas of the OC- building healthy public policy
Relates to decisions made by governments and organisations in relation to health care policy. Includes changes in policy to help make healthier choices easier choices
action areas of the OC- create supportive environments
A supportive environment is safe, stimulating and satisfying; it provides opportunities for individuals to build links in a socially and culturally sensitive manner that promotes health and wellbeing.
action areas of the OC- strengthen community action
Focuses on building links between individuals and the community and communities working together to achieve a common goal
action areas of the OC- develop personal skills
Educate people with the skills and knowledge they need to take control over and improve their own health
action areas of the OC- re-reorient health services
Shifting the focus from a biomedical approach that emphasises the diagnosing and treatment of illness and disease to one of health promotion and prevention
why is smoking targeted for health promotion?
- Preventable risk factor –smoking related diseases and impacts are considered avoidable
- Contributes to mortality and morbidity more than any other preventable risk factors
- Has high costs both socially (including health) and economically (e.g. reduced work productivity form smoking related illness) for the nation
- Affects vulnerable population groups disproportionately
MY QUIT BUDDY: objective
to help people quit smoking and stay smoke free
MY QUIT BUDDY: rationale
because smoking is a high contributor to morbidity and mortality; smoking has high economic and social costs; smoking impacts on vulnerable population groups disproportionately
