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VCE HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT > SAC 1- understanding health and wellbeing > Flashcards

SAC 1- understanding health and wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

what is health and wellbeing?

A
  • the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and is characterized by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
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2
Q

what is health status?

A

an individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

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3
Q

define life expectency

A

An indication of how long a person can expect to live. It is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change

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4
Q

define mortality rate

A

The number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor

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5
Q

define MMR

A

The number of deaths per 100000 women who gave birth to at least 1 baby (either a live birth or stillbirth) of 20 weeks completed gestation or more or a birthweight of 400 grams or more

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6
Q

define IMR

A

The rate of deaths in infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

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7
Q

define U5MR

A

The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births

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8
Q

define morbidity rate

A

Refers to ill-health in an individual and the levels of ill-health in a population or group

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9
Q

define incidence

A

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time (often 12 months)

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10
Q

define prevalence

A

The (total) number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

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11
Q

what is burden of disease

A

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called DALY.

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12
Q

define DALY

A

A measure of burden of disease – one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
YLL + YLD = DALY

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13
Q

define YLL

A

Years if life lost:

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.

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14
Q

define YLD

A

Years lost due to disability:

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability

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15
Q

define HALE

A

Health adjusted life expectancy:
A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rate of ill health and mortality.

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16
Q

briefly explain what is meant by physical health and wellbeing

A

relates to the functioning of the body systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

e. g’s - Absence of disease i.e. not having a cold = increases ability of immune system (increased physical health and wellbeing)
- Obesity = decreased ability to perform daily physical tasks e.g. walk up stairs easily (decreased physical health and wellbeing)

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17
Q

briefly explain what is meant by social health and wellbeing

A

relates to the ability to from meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

e. g’s – Having a close knit family/friends = increased meaningful relationships (increased social health and wellbeing)
- Not being able to communicate appropriately e.g. swearing = decreased ability to manage and adapt appropriately to different social situations (decreased social health and wellbeing)

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18
Q

briefly explain what is meant by mental health and wellbeing

A

the current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. Associated with low levels of stress and anxiety.

e. g’s – poor body image = lower sense of confidence + self-esteem (decreased mental health and wellbeing)
- Financially stable = low level of financial stress (increased mental health and wellbeing)

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19
Q

briefly explain what is meant by emotional health and wellbeing

A

relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. Emotional health is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience.

e. g’s – being able to bounce back e.g. after loosing job = increased resilience (increased emotional health and wellbeing)
- being disappointed when someone lets you down e.g. lies to you = appropriate expression of emotions (increased emotional health and wellbeing)

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20
Q

briefly explain what is meant by spiritual health and wellbeing

A

relates to the ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. Can include a sense of purpose in life, connection or sense of belonging

e. g’s – feeling apart of community = high sense of belonging (high spiritual health and wellbeing)
- being a parent = increased sense of purpose in life (high spiritual health and wellbeing)

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21
Q

what does dynamic mean?

A

constantly changing and the way which an individual views them can change over time: either gradually over time or rapid; can be from high to low or low to high

22
Q

what does subjective mean?

A

: influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions – ‘means different things to different people’

23
Q

what does disease mean?

A

a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

24
Q

what does illness mean?

A

a subjective concept related to personal experience of disease

25
Q

how does health act as a resource at an individual level

A

Specific e.g. and health outcome linked to increase in health and wellbeing dimension

26
Q

how does health act as a resource at a national level

A

Must link to nation/county

  • money saving = more people in population are well therefore, reduced public healthcare costs, govt money can be spent elsewhere in county e.g. school
  • money making = less absenteeism b/c more people well = increased tax revenue for govt to be spent elsewhere e.g. schools OR less absenteeism from work = increased productivity within country therefore increased avg. income and economic growth
  • increased social participation throughout county and increased national moral
27
Q

how does health act as a resource at a global level

A

Must link to globally/ worldwide/ all people everywhere across the globe

  • money saving = more people in population are well therefore, reduced public healthcare costs for govts across world – more money spent elsewhere worldwide e.g. schools
  • money making = less absenteeism b/c more people well = increased tax revenue for govt across world to be spent elsewhere e.g. schools OR less absenteeism from work = increased productivity across world therefore increased avg. income globally and increased worldwide economic growth
  • increased social participation throughout world and increased global moral
28
Q

what are the 9 prerequisites for health

A 
peace
shelter 
education
food income
stable ecosystem
sustainable resources
social justice
equity
29
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

peace

A

the absence of conflict/ war
E.g. Infrastructure – schools, hospitals etc. not being destroyed
People being able to go to work/ school and not being involved in conflict
Govt funds being spent on healthcare and education not defence

30
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

shelter

A

structure that provides protection from the outside environment
E.g. having a house
Adequate ventilation / sanitation / spacing within house

31
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

eduaction

A

all children having a full course of primary and secondary schooling, everyone developing skills to gain meaningful employment – empowers individuals and increases their ability to earn an income, understand health promotion messages, exhibit healthy behaviours and find meaning and purpose in life
E.g. Attend school e.g. socialise
Learn lliteracy skills – read and write, health literacy skills such as, nutrition
Gain employment / workplace
Vocational skills

32
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

food

A

being able to ingest the appropriate nutrients to lead a full life
Food security = the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources
E.g. Being able to access food / afford food choices / growing own food / store food

33
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

income

A

being able to access adequate financial resources to have a decent standard of living i.e. individuals can AFFORD healthcare, education, transport, food etc.

34
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

stable ecosystem

A

when balance is achieved between the environment and the species that live in an environment
Stability indicates that all living things e.g. plants and animals are having their needs for food, water, shelter and reproduction met without causing detrimental effects to the ntural environment
E.g. food including crops and fish
Clean water/ replenishing water sources
Clean air
Natural materials e.g. timber for shelter
Employment opportunities and resources e.g. agriculture, fishing, tourism

35
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

sustainable resources

A

ensuring that the resources used to promote health and wellbeing in the present are available for future generations so they too can experience a good quality of life, ‘to meet there own needs’
Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet there own needs.
E.g. Energy production from solar panels and wind farms to power technology to support health such as mobile devices, computers, surgical equipment, computers, heating /cooling, cooking implements
Sustainable farming practices e.g. crop rotation and irrigation

36
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

social justice

A 
being free from discrimination, having human rights upheld and having equal access to resources and opportunities regardless of personal characteristics such as sex, class and income, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation or gender identity
E.g. Equal opportunity for decision making i.e. marriage equality, to vote / equal opportunity in workplace/ equal access to health care e.g. bulk billing can be accessed by all/ equal access to education
37
Q

WHO prerequisites for health:

equity

A

relates to social justice but has a greater focus on fairness, meaning that those who are disadvantaged receiver more support. Takes unfair circumstances into account so that those who are disadvantaged are given the opportunity to participate in life
E.g. Medicare safety net
Scholarships
Social security / protection systems – unemployment benefits

38
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS AND BURDEN OF DISEASE:

smoking

A

when something is burned and the smoke is inhaled to be absorbed in the blood stream
High smoking rates is a risk factor for the following disease/ conditions-
- Cardiovascular disease: specifically atherosclerosis (the build-up of plaque on the inside of artery walls, narrowing and hardening blood vessels, interrupts blood flow therefore can cause a stroke of heart attack) – SMOKNG INCREASES THE RATE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- Cancer: e.g. lung, oesophageal, pharyngal
- Low birth weight babies: underdeveloped immune systems inreases risk of infection or infectious/ communicable diseases e.g. influenza, pneumonia
Respiratory conditions: e.g. emphysema, COPD, asthma

39
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS AND BURDEN OF DISEASE:

alcohol

A 
a depressant drug
Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for the following-
-	Liver cirrhosis
-	Unhealthy weight gain- obesity
-	Depression
-	Injuries
-	Men – impaired sexual performance
-	Women – risk of giving birth to low birthweight babies
40
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS AND BURDEN OF DISEASE:

high BMI

A

relates to the amount of body weight an individual is carrying. A BMI over 30 is considered obese
Any factor that increases risk of high BMI, increases the risk of the following obesity related conditions:
- CVD: excess adipose tissue places strain on the heart
- T2D: excess adipose tissue limits the ability of the body to regulate blood glucose levels
- Osteoarthritis: excess adipose tissue places strain on joints e.g. knees

41
Q

what diseases are caused by an under consumption of vegetables and fruits?

A

colorectal cancer, CVD, T2D, kidney disease, infections

42
Q

what diseases are caused by an under consumption of dairy foods?

A

including milk, cheese and yoghurt – high in calcium responsible for ossification or hardening of bones and teeth- increased risk of osteoporosis (brittle bones)

43
Q

what diseases are caused by high intake of fats?

A

particularly saturates (animal products) and trans fats (processed foods)- can increase the risk of obesity and CVD

44
Q

what diseases are caused by high intake of salt?

A

mineral made up of sodium and chloride – affects blood pressure e.g. table salt, salted nuts, tomato sauce- risk factor for CVD and osteoporosis

45
Q

what diseases are caused by high intake of sugar?

A

risk factor for obesity (CVD, and T2D) and dental carries

46
Q

what diseases are caused by low intake of fibre?

A

two types- soluble and insoluble ; risk factor for obesity, colorectal cancer and CVD

47
Q

what diseases are caused by low intake of iron?

A

mineral involved in carrying oxygen in haemoglobin of red blood cells e.g. red meat and eggs + green leafy vegetables; risk factor for iron-deficiency anemia (low red blood cell count causing lack of oxygen to body’s organs- fatigue, light headedness, fast heartbeat)

48
Q

explain what is meant by a biological factor and give examples

A

factors relating to the body that impact on health
- body weight (high body weight)- obesity and increased risk of obesity related conditions e.g. CVD, T2D, cancer, osteoporosis
- birth weight (low birth weight)- can cause increased susceptibility to infections and communicable diseases (e.g. measles) due to underdeveloped immune systems / underdeveloped respiratory systems – increased risk of pneumonia
- blood cholesterol (high blood cholesterol) – increased risk of atherosclerosis, CVD
- blood pressure (high blood pressure/ hypertension)- increased risk of CVD e.g. heart attack
- glucose regulation (impaired glucose reg)- increased risk of T2D
- hormones:
females (oestrogen)- protective factor for heart disease, osteoporosis
males (testosterone)- increased risk taking behaviour

49
Q

explain what is meant by a sociocultural factor and give exmaples

A

aspects of society and culture that impact on heart

  • SES (high SES)- can afford resource to maintain health e.g. healthcare
  • Employment (lack of employment) – lead to decreased SES = limited ability to afford resources to support health
  • Social connectedness (low level of)- lower mental health = increased risk of mental health conditions e.g. depression
  • Stereotypes (e.g. gender)- people not seeking health care (e.g. male masculinity- prevents them from acting on symptoms)
  • Cultural influences (access to appropriate healthcare) – e.g. female doctors for female patients + overcoming language barriers
50
Q

explain what is meant by an environmental factor and give examples?

A

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play

  • Work environment (dangerous)- e.g. farming= outdoors with high UV exposure – increased risk of melanoma / machinery e.g. tractors – accidents = increased risk of injury
  • Housing (poor housing conditions)- e.g. overcrowding = increased risk of communicable diseases
  • Urban design and infrastructure (e.g. poor road quality)- increased motor vehicle accidents

VCE HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (4 decks)

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