SAC 1

Question 1

Burden of Disease

Answer 1

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

Question 2

difference between disease and illness

Answer 2

Disease relates to physical or mental symptoms whereas illness relates to how a person experiences disease

Question 3

Health and wellbeing

Answer 3

Relating to the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and how they feel about their lives in relation to the various dimensions

Question 4

Individual benefits

Answer 4

• increased ability to run a household
• increased self esteem
• more time to attend school/work
• reduced healthcare costs
• increased productivity/ income
• sense of purpose, fulfilment, success

Question 5

national benefits

Answer 5

• healthy populations help to build a productive workforce increasing national income through taxation
• reduced burden on the healthcare system
• reduced levels of stress
• increased economic development
  -improvedlife expectancy
  -reduced absentees in workplace

Question 6

Health Status

Answer 6

‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

Question 7

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE’s)

Answer 7

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Question 8

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

Answer 8

A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury. (YLL+YLD=DALY)

Question 9

Life expectancy

Answer 9

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth

Question 10

Under 5 mortality rate

Answer 10

The rate of deaths occurring in children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births.

Question 11

Mortality

Answer 11

Death in an individual or the level of death in a population or group in a given period

Question 12

Morbidity

Answer 12

Refers to ill-health in an individual and the levels of ill-health in a population or group.

Question 13

Incidence

Answer 13

The number or rate of new cases of a condition during a given period of time.

Question 14

Prevalence

Answer 14

‘The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease
or condition present in a population at a given time.’

Question 15

Social health and wellbeing

Answer 15

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying connections with others and the ability to adapt to other social situations eg supportive friends and family

Question 16

global/ international benefits

Answer 16

• decreased emergence/ reemergence of communicable diseases
• increased global economic development and trade
• increased access to human rights
  -increased global security/freedom
  -increased global social development

Question 17

physical health and wellbeing

Answer 17

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily tasks eg healthy body, strong immune system, adequate energy levels and appropriate levels of fitness.

Question 18

emotional health and wellbeing

Answer 18

relates to the ability to express emotions and feeling in a positive way. ability to display resilience. The degree to which individuals feel emotionally secure and safe. eg high level of resilience, respond and manage emotions, have appropriate emotions

Question 19

mental health and wellbeing

Answer 19

the current state of mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. Aim to have low levels of stress and anxiety, positive self-esteem as well as confidence and optimism eg using logic, positive thoughts

Question 20

spiritual health and wellbeing

Answer 20

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscious of human beings. a sense of belonging and connection. peace and harmony. acting according to values and beliefs.

Question 21

explain what dynamic means in terms of health

Answer 21

this means that your health is constantly changing or can constantly change depending on the situation. eg sick or healthy. broken bone will eventually heal.

Question 22

explain what subjective means in terms of health

Answer 22

this means that your health can be viewed many different ways. eg opinions of your own health age, gender.

Question 23

disease definition

Answer 23

is a term associated with illness. can be physical or mental in nature and range from mild discomfort to severe pain. (This could affect the degree of illness) eg cold, flu

Question 24

illness definition

Answer 24

is the experience of being in a state of poor health, usually due to the presence of disease or injury. it is a more subjective concept. eg ability to cope with a disease or injury.

Question 25

peace

Answer 25

absence of conflict within community or country eg they have access to healthcare, more security, more education

Question 26

Shelter

Answer 26

structure that provides protection from the elements. eg adequate shelter means decrease in pverty, disease and better mental health

Question 27

Education

Answer 27

by increasing education, people have greater access to resources and greater awareness.

Question 28

Food

Answer 28

food security- access to nutritious, affordable, appropriate food. increased immunity, increased capacity to work and attend school

Question 29

Income

Answer 29

adequate money to have decent standard of living, increased access to resources, food, healthcare etc

Question 30

stable ecosystem

Answer 30

is a community that consists of all living and non-living components of a particular area. provides food, air, water and sustainable resources.

Question 31

sustainable resources

Answer 31

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (UN)

Question 32

social justice

Answer 32

equal rights for all, regardless of sex, income, ethnicity, religion, age etc

Question 33

equity

Answer 33

minimum level of resources that all people should have access to

Question 34

hospital separation

Answer 34

episodes of hospital care that start with admission and end at transfer, discharge or death.

Question 35

years of life lost (YLL)

Answer 35

a measure of how many years of expected life is lost due to premature death

Question 36

Years lost due to disability (YLD)

Answer 36

a measure of how many healthy years of life is lost due to disease, injury or disability

Question 37

mortality rates

Answer 37

the measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period

Question 38

infant mortality rates

Answer 38

the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births.

Question 39

maternal mortality rate

Answer 39

the number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100,000 women who gave birth.

Question 40

self-assessed health status

Answer 40

an individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general.

Question 41

maternal mortality

Answer 41

death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or 6 weeks after giving birth